APUSH - Chapter 22 ID's: World War 1 and Its Aftermath

World War I and its Effects

Allied Power

Britain, France, Russia

Central Power

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empires of Turkey

U.S. policy of neutrality

U.S. wanted to maintain equal trade between allies and axis

submarines

German invention that threatened ships which entered “war zone”

Lusitania

German submarine which killed 128 American soldiers

Sussex Pledge

pledge in which Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships without due warning

propaganda

Great Britain directed this toward U.S. media

ethnic support

immigrants and 2nd generation immigrants in the U.S. supported the nations of their homeland in the war

preparedness

gathering up military strength in case of war (advocated for by republicans such as Theodore Roosevelt)

election of 1916

between Charles Evans Hughes (R) and Woodrow Wilson (D) who wins on a platform advocating for peace

Robert LaFollette

progressive congressman who voted against going to war

Jeanette Rankin

the first woman in Congress and a pacifist

Edward House

colonel and chief foreign policy advisor sent to broker peace in 1915

Zimmerman Telegram

a message intercepted by Great Britain that was sent to Mexico from Germany in order to persuade Mexico to attack the United States

Russian Revolution

allowed Woodrow Wilson to further justify entrance into World War 1

April 2nd, 1917

date of the U.S. declaration of war in WW1

War Industry Boards

set production priorities and centralized control over raw materials and prices during the war

Food Administration

persuaded Americans to eat less bread and meat, farmers to grow more wheat, and families to grow their own food (run by Herbert Hoover) during the war

Railroad Administration

took control of railroads to coordinate transportation and standardize equipment during the war

National War Labor Board

mediated worker/employer disputes and was responsible for some workplace reform during the war

Liberty Bonds

government urged Americans to invest in these during the war

Selective Service Act

responsible for the draft

Committee on Public Information

promoted anti-German and pro-war propaganda

George Creel

head of the Committee on Public Information

Espionage Act (1917)

enacted imprisonment for inciting rebellion in the army and obstructing the draft

Sedition Act (1918)

criminalized speaking against the government

Eugene Debbs

socialist leader who was imprisoned for speaking out against the war

Schenck vs U.S.

case that declared that freedom of speech didn’t apply if there is “clear and present danger”

Women’s Suffrage

the entrance of women into the workforce during the war led to the support of this after the war

19th Amendment

amendment that gave women the right to vote (1919)

Great Migration

hispanic Americans moved west, black Americans moved north to take on jobs left by soldiers

Bolshevik Revolution

led to Russia dropping out of the war

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

fought on western front and was crucial to beating back Germany after Russia dropped out

John J. Pershing

commanded the American Expeditionary Force

November 11th, 1918

date in which Germany signed the armistice

“peace without victory”

Woodrow Wilson’s mantra

Fourteen Points

included: League of Nations, self-determination, freedom of the seas (no U-boats)

Big Four

Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), David Lloyd George (G.B.), Georges Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations, Germany stripped of colonies, Germans pay Great Britain and France, self-determination of European nationalities

League of Nations

to protect each others’ sovereignty and prevent war

Article X of the League of Nations charter

all nations stand ready to protect the independence and territory of each other

election of 1918

republicans gain majority in both the Senate and the House

Henry Cabot Lodge

Republican senator and leader of the reservationists

Irreconcilables

faction in Congress which would never support U.S. entrance into the League of Nations

Reservationists

faction in Congress which would accept the League of Nations if certain reservations addressed (specifically Article X)

Wilson’s Whistle Stop Tour

Wilson’s attempt to spread public support of the Treaty of Versailles in which he suffered a stroke which he never recovered from

rejection of treaty

U.S. final decision to ratify treaty or not

Red Scare

Russia’s Bolshevik revolution led to this fear over the spread of communism

anti-radical hysteria

against anarchists, socialists, and labor agitators

Palmer Raids

arrested people (mainly immigrants) without evidence due to anti-radical hysteria

xenophobia

fear of immigrants (in this case, specifically Germans because of the war and then Russians because of communism)

Strikes of 1919

peaceful shipyard worker strike, police officer strike, and U.S. Steel Corporation strike

Boston Police Strike

officers who unionized were fired —> police strikes —> Governor Calvin Coolidge sends in National Guard

Race Riots

after soldiers returned home, they were unhappy that their jobs were taken because of the Great Migration leading to these events