Note
Studied by 47 peopleUnit 5 The Enlightenment
1750-1900
5.1
Eligtenment - intellectual movement which applied new ways of understanding, rationalism, empiricist approaches to natural world and human rls
Rationalism - reason rather than emotion is a realiable source of knowledge
Empiricism - true knowledge is gained through experimentation + experience in general
These two were developed during the scientific revol (scientists tossed religious authority and instead used rigorous reason to help discover how the world worked) (science over relgious beliefs)
Questioning of religion played a huge role in enlightenment
Enlightenment began in Europe where most people were Christians (revealed religion) (religious beliefs could not be questioned becaused it was revealed by God)
New belief Systems - popular among Enlightenment thinkers
Deism - believe that there was a God, but God created all things but did not intervene anymore
Atheism - Rejection of any God
New Political Ideas
Individualism - most basic right of society was the individual human and not groups
Natural Rights - humans are born with nautral rights - John Locke believed humans were born with Life, Liberty, and Property given by God
Social Contract - Human societies w nat rights, must create own gov to protect rights - if government is bad, the people have a right to overthrow the government
EFFECTS OF THESE IDEAS:
Major Revolutions - Englightenment rejected traditions and new ideas ab how political power ought to work
Major Revol = Strong sense of nationalism - commonality among a ppl based on shared language, religion, customs, territory, etc.
Led to suffrage - more people could vote
Whites w land could only vote in 1776, 1800s ALL white men could vote, 1870 black males can vote (Declaration of Indp)
Abolition of Slavery - Britain abolished slavery and still got wealth from industrial revol
1831 rebellion known as the great Jamaica Revolt occured in British Jamaica, played a huge role of the abolition of slavery
End of Serfdom
Agricultural economy —> Industrial economy = serfs were not useful
Peasant revolts occured to abolish serfdom
Calls for Women’s suffrage - womens right to vote
Feminist movements, women demanded rights for example, Olympe De Gouges created the Declaration of the rights of Woman and the female citizen criticized French constitution
While in the United States, women organized the Seneca Falls Convention to call for a constitutional amendment which recognized womens rights to vote
5.2 Revolutions
CAUSES OF REVOLUTIONS
Rise of Nationalism
During this time period, instead of having diverse populations that still existed, people began living in culturally divided countries that consisted of territorial borders (creating unity,) and they did this by establishing nationalist themes in school, public rituals to glorify the nation, and pushing people into military service
Political Discontent - problem w monarchist and imperial rule
REJECTION OF AUTHORITY GLOBALLY
Example : Safavid Empire tried to impose harsh taxations, but was met w rebellion from many militaristic nomadic groups - weakening the the safavids and putting and end to it
Example : Wahhabi - tried to reform the corrupted form of Islam in the Ottoman empire, led to the decline of the Ottomans
New Ways of Thinking
Development of new ideologies and systems of government - popular sovereignty ( power to govern in the hands of the ppl ) Governements should be characterized by democracy, Liberalism (protection of rights, priv property, economic freedom, + good gov)
MAJOR ATLANTIC REVOL
American Revol
British established 13 colonies in America and since it was so far from Britain distance wise, they developed culture, gov systems, and economic framework without Britain
After the Seven Years’ War, Britian had many war debts, so Britain used those colonies to help pay their debts off by creating taxes. With the help of France, the colonies won, and created the U.S - this gave similar ideas to other nations (NO TAXATION NO REPRESENTATION)
French Revol
France played big role in American Revol, as French soldiers came home they carried the ideals of democracy, and sought to overthrow the absolutist king they had, Louis the 16th, which they did and estbalished their own rebulican gov
THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN : championed nat rights and popular sovereignty
Haitian Revol
Haiti = colonial property of France, most prosperous colony, under Toussaint Louverture, enslaved Haitians revolted and eventually defeated the French (created first black gov)
Latin American Revol
Enlightenment ideas influenced Spanish and Portuguese colonies and began to resist imperialist rule (present in Creole class - ppl made up of European heritage, but born in Americas - 2nd position)
Napolean’s invasion on Spain and deposition of Port monarch created an unstable political situation in the American colonies
Creole leaders - Simon Bolivar appealed to colonial peoples thru a letter to Jamaica
OTHER NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS
Propaganda movement - Spanish colony (race hierarchy)
controlled education
wealthy creoles and mestizos got university and education, Europe was filled with enlightenment, and those Filipino students absorbed the ideas and brought them back home, they published the ideas. The government tried to suppress the movement, but the Filipino revolt broke out
UNIFICATION OF ITALY AND GERMANY
Nationalism played a huge role
Italy and Germany - fragmented states, militaries influenced uby nity
5.3 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The process by which states transitioned from an agricultural economy to an industrial one (from hand to machines)
made nations rich
changed the balance of political power
changed societies
Started in 1750 in Britain
Britian had an abundance of rivers, canals, and large bodies of water, enabling the transportation of manufactured goods to markets
Britain had alot of coal - allowing them to smelt stuff and to create iron which played roles in bridges and machines and railroads
Foregin resources - they had access to lots of raw materials, N america = timber, Indian = cotton
Improved agricultural activity - they had an agricultural revolution which allowed them to have large and vast amounts of food to feed everyone
This happened because of crop rotation (parts of land unplanted to keep nutrients and soil fertile), seed drill (seeds could be planted accurately,) New Foods from the Columbian Exchange (potatoes from the Americas allowed Europeans to have diverse diets, made them healthier, and increased life expectancy), from the
Rapid Urbanization - less ppl were needed to work in agricultural based economies, so people moved to cities (hubs of industrial manufacturing starving for labor)
Legal protection of priv property - Britain protected entrepreneurs which allowed them to feel safe to take a risk to start their own business giving Britain a headstart on the wealth they created
Accumulation of Capital - Britain had alot of wealthy people bc of the Atlantic Slave Trade which invested in businesses
FACTORY SYSTEM:
place where goods were produced by machines - powered by water (water frame connmected to the spinning jenny which didnt require anyone and created textiles fast)
Specialization labor occured - workers were preforming one action over and over again, meaning they were easily replaceable
5.4
EFFECT OF STEAMPOWER
Steam Engine - fossil fuel converted into mechanical energy (coal and steam could make industrial machines work instead of water, factories could now be built anywhere)
Steam engines were implemented into ships - mass produced goods could be transported faster and further - connected world
SHIFTING WORLD ECONOMIES:
Eastern and Southern Europe lacked coal, didnt have waterways
World was divided into two sectors - industrialized nations and not industrialized
Industrialized = France, U.S, GB - economic wealth
Middle East and Asia = previously been manufacturing powerhouses started to see wealth decline EXAMPLE : Textile production in India and Egypt decline because Britian had cheaper textiles. EXAMPLE : Decline of ship building in India and Egypt bc Britain
FRANCE :
Adopted industrial technologies, but it was slow was bc they lacked coal and iron deposits
Napolean helped construct the Quentin canal which connected France w Paris for iron and coal
Created Railroads and textile factories
US:
BIG TERRITORY = LOTS OF RESOURCES
POLITICAL STABILITY
RAPID POPULATION GROWTH - EXPANDED MARKET OF MASS PRODUCED GOODS - MORE CONSUMERS
RUSSIA:
Ruled by an absolutist Tsar, but he realized they needed industrialization
Railroads + steam engines
Trans- Siberian Railroad - more trade
Brutal conditions for workers - led to Russian Revol
JAPAN:
Asian states declining in power
China was being taken advantage of
Defensive Industrialization - Meiji Restoration - used western education and tech
5.5 TECHNOLOGY
Fuels and Engines
1st Industrial Revol - 1750-1830 (BRITAIN)
2nd Industrial Revol - 1870 - 1914 (JAPAN, U.S, RUSSIA, EUROPE)
FIRST Industrial Revolution
COAL BURNED HOTTER THAN WOOD
STEAM ENGINE (JAMES WATT) - COAL-CREATED ENERGY
WATER IS NOT NEEDED ANYMORE, SO FACTORIES SPREAD MORE
STEAM ENGINE ALSO POWERED LOCOMOTIVES - TRANSPORTED GOODS FASTER
STEAM SHIPS USED A STEAM ENGINE - INCREASED SPEED AND DISTANCE IN WHICH GOODS COULD BE SOLD
PORTS AROUND THE WORLD ARE MADE COALING STATIONS FOR SHIPS TO REFUEL
SUEZ CANAL HELPED EXPAND TRADE BC IT OPENED A NEW ROUTE
SECOND Industrial Revol
OIL - GASOLINE
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE - HELPED CREATE AUTOMOBILE
STEEL - BESSEMER PROCESS - IRON COMBINED W CARBON + BLASTED HOT AIR INTO IT - STRONGER THAN IRON
STEEL WAS CHEAPER, PREFERED BUILDING MATERIAL
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - CREATED DYES FOR TEXTILES
VULCANIZATION - PROCESS THAT MADE RUBBER MORE HARDER AND DURABLE (USED TO MAKE BELTS FOR MACHINES AND TIRES)
ELECTRICITY - THOMAS EDISON - LIT FACTORIES AND HOMES - ELECTRIC STREETCARS AND SUBWAYS
TELEGRAPH - SAMUEL MORSE - SEND COMMUNICATION USNG ELECTRICAL SINGALS - MORSE CODE CONNECTED BRITAIN W U.S helped dv their economies as well
EFFECTS OF NEW TECH
DV OF INTERIOR REGIONS
BC OF TRANSCONTINETAL RAILROADS IN U.S AND RUSSIA THEY WERE ABLE TO CONNECT INTERIOR REGIONS TO WATER WAYS THRU TRANSPORTATION
TELEGRAPH MADE INSTANT COMMUNICATION POSSILBE, ALLOWED MANUFACTURERS TO GAIN REAL TIME INTELLIGENCE ON MARKET CONDITIONS
INCREASE IN TRADE AND MIGRATIONS
GLOBAL ECONOMY
RAILROADS AND STEAMSHIPS INCREASED MIGRATIONS - HALF OF EUROPES PPL WENT FROM RURAL AREAS TO URBAN AREAS FOR JOBS, THEN MIGRATED TO THE AMERICAS, AUS, SOUTH AFRICA BC OF FAMINE AND POLITICAL STABILITY
5.6 MEIJING RESTORATION
Egpyt
The Ottoman empire was struggling and declining because of internal conflicts and they didnt have any wealth to invest in industrialization
Muhammad Ali - tried for industrialization for Europe
TANZIMAT REFORMS - 1. TEXTILE AND WEAPONS FACTORIES BUILT
PEASANTS WERE FOCUSED TO GROW WHEAT TO SELL FOR THE WORLD MARKET
egypt RAISED TARIFFS TO PROTECT EGYPTIAN MADE GOODS
THIS PROJECT WAS NOT SUCCESSFUL, BRITAIN WAS NOT FOND OF IT
When Egypt when to war with the Ottomans, Britain interfered and asked Egypt to remove the tariffs and other barriers of trade that protected the Egyptian industry
JAPAN
Tokugawa Shogunate isolated itself from Westerner ideas
Japan saw Western powers overwhelm Asian powers such as China
Matthew Perry went to Japan with guns, demanding Japan should open trade w the U.S or else war will start, so Japan responded with a state sponsored program of industrialization as a defensive measure against western domination
This was faciliated by a Japanese Civil War which led to the overthrow of the shogunate and the reestablishment of an emperor
MEIJI RESTORATION - Japan wanted to escape foregin domination by adopting industrial practices that made the West powerful
Japan sent emissaries to industrial spots to learn, come back and implement it into their own states
Japan established a constitution that provided for an elected parliament which they borrowed from Germany
Funded railroads, national banking systems, and factories
They gained enough power to deal with Europeans
5.7
Death Of Mercantilism
Mercantilism - state driven system, played a massive role in European exploration and imperialism
People swithced to free market economics - not state driven, but market driven
Adam Smith published Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations which critcized that mercantilism is coercive and only benefits the elites - he wanted laisez faire
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Wealth could be more evenly distribuited
Free Market Capitalism critics - did not actually distribuite wealth equally
Jermey Bentham - argued for the suffering of the working class
Friedrich List - rejected global free market principles as a trick
developed the Zollverein - a customs union which reduced trade barries bw German states but put tariffs on imported goods
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORTATIONS
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporations - Opened in 1865 - British controlled Hong Kong to organize and control British imperial ventures
Unileve Corporation - joint company established by the British and Dutch which manufactured household goods, such as soap
BANKING
stock markets - raised funds by selling stocks
limited liability corporations - owners could take risks by investing money, only could lose the amount of money invested
Industrialized societies created a new living class - middle class - wealthy enough to purchase goods
Mechanized Farming - more food = longer life
5.8
Effects on the Working Class
The working class would work for hours a day, getting paid barely any money, so many decided to call for Reforms
POLITICAL REFORMS -
Social Reform - working class ppl organized themselves into social societies providing insurance for sickness and social events
Education Reform - high paying jobs became more technical and specialized, education prepared those kids for these jobs
Urban Reforms - infastructure could not keep up with population growth - various governments passed laws and invested in sanitation infastrucutre like sewers since people were dumping their fecal matter into rivers
Labor Unions - Collective groups of workers who joined together in order to protect their own interests + lives - bargained for higher wages, limited working hours, improved working conditions
German Social Democratic Party advocated for Marxism no more capitalism more socialism
Ideological reactions: Marxism
Karl Marx was a German who lived in GB for a long long long time - Capitalism was not good bc it created class divisions. Created the Communist Manifesto, called their approach Scientific Socialism - history obeys laws just as the physical world obeys the laws of physics
China's attempts at Industrialization
Qing China, china snubbed British traders, China started importing illegal Opium, and once they found out, it ended in the Opium Wars
British defeated China and forced it to sign unequal treaties to open trading ports against their will
More people took advantage of China
China responded to this invasion of Western powers by the Strengthening movement series of reforms to industrialize, but keep traditional values
Sino - Japanese War = was a conflict between China and Japan over control of Korea, and Japan won, showing its growing power and weakening China's Qing dynasty.
Ottoman Industrialization
Sick man of Europe
No Money
Ottomans used Tanzimat reforms (defensive industrialization)
Built Textile factories, implemented western-style law codes and courts, expanded education
Young Ottomans emerged wanting a constitutional government, and the sultan agreed, but when Russia wanted war, he later disagreed
5.9
Industrialization affected Social Classes
New Social Classes
INDUSTRIAL WORKING CLASS- miners and factory workers
They were interchangeable parts, they could be replaced
Dangerous work conditions, but higher wages
MIDDLE CLASS - benefited the most, white collar workers - teachers, doctors
Afford products to improve their life
INDUSTRIALISTS - owned corporations, very powerful
EFFECTS ON WOMEN
Working Class Women
Worked jobs in factories
As young as children who were 5 worked in factories and mines
Children and adults were split upon factories
Middle Class Women
Husbands had enough money to support the whole family
Women stayed home
Homemakers, rasied children
Challenges of Industrialization
INFASTRUCTURE PROBLEMS
1. Pollution - caused health problems, human wastes were dumped into rivers contaminating water
Housing Shortages - more people flooded cities = tenaments were created, diease spread faster since everyone lived closer
More Crime - stealing to survive