Foundations of Evolution & Diversity: Deuterostomes

These flashcards encompass key vocabulary terms and their definitions based on lecture notes covering Deuterostomes, including Echinodermata and Chordata.

Deuterostomes

A diverse lineage of animals including Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Xenoturbellida, and Chordata.

Echinodermata

A group of marine animals characterized by radial symmetry as adults.

Hemichordata

A lineage of deuterostomes distinct from echinoderms and chordates.

Xenoturbellida

A lesser-known phylum within deuterostomes.

Chordata

A phylum that includes animals with a dorsal, hollow nerve cord and notochord.

Echinoderms

Marine animals known for their unique water vascular system and radial symmetry.

Crinoidea

Class of echinoderms known as feather stars and sea lilies.

Asteroidea

Class of echinoderms that includes sea stars.

Ophiuroidea

Class of echinoderms including brittle stars and basket stars.

Echinoidea

Class of echinoderms that includes sea urchins and sand dollars.

Holothuroidea

Class of echinoderms known as sea cucumbers.

Synapomorphies

Shared, derived traits that unite a group; for echinoderms, including bilateral symmetry in larvae.

Triploblastic

Having three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Radial Symmetry

Symmetry around a central axis, typical for adult echinoderms.

Water vascular system

A network of hydraulic canals in echinoderms aiding in movement and feeding.

Coelom

Body cavity in coelomate animals, forming by outpocketing of mesoderm in deuterostomes.

Enterocoely

A method of coelom formation seen in deuterostomes.

Dioecious

Referring to species having distinct male and female individuals.

External Fertilization

Fertilization occurring outside the female body, common in echinoderms.

Bilateral Symmetry

Symmetry where the body can be divided into two mirror-image halves.

Nervous System

System consisting of the brain and nerves, varying between deuterostome groups.

Endoskeleton

Internal skeleton; present in echinoderms and chordates.

Pharyngeal Slits

This feature is present in all chordates at some stage of their lifecycle.

Notochord

Flexible rod-like structure present in all chordates during some stage of development.

Post-anal Tail

Extension of the body past the anal opening, found in chordates.

Endostyle

A structure in chordates that later becomes the thyroid gland in vertebrates.

Cephalochordata

Lancelets; a subphylum of chordates that are marine and suspension-feeding.

Urochordata

Subphylum of chordates known as tunicates, which are sessile as adults.

Vertebrata

Subphylum of chordates that possess a backbone, including all tetrapods.

Agnathans

Jawless vertebrates, including hagfish and lampreys.

Gnathostomes

Jawed vertebrates, including all fish and tetrapods.

Chondrichthyes

Class of cartilaginous fish, including sharks, skates, and rays.

Actinopterygii

Class of ray-finned fishes, the largest and most diverse group of fish.

Sarcopterygii

Class of lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods.

Lobefinned Fish

Fish with fleshy, lobed fins, precursors to tetrapods.

Tetrapoda

Clade of vertebrates that includes amphibians and amniotes.

Amniotes

Group of vertebrates that reproduce with an amniotic egg.

Extraembryonic membranes

Membranes that support the developing embryo in amniotes: amnion, chorion, allantois, yolk sac.

Direct Development

Development in which the young resemble adults; common in amniotes.

Primates

Order of mammals known for large brains and forward-facing eyes.

Homo sapiens

The species name for modern humans.

Keystone predators

Species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment.

Adaptive Innovations

Features that enhance the survival and reproductive success of organisms.

Gas Exchange in Echinoderms

Occurs via diffusion through tube feet.

Circulation in Echinoderms

Lacks specialized structures, relies on diffusion.

Excretion in Echinoderms

Primarily through diffusion on tube feet.