Psych final- Winter 2024

Mere presence

The tendency for people to change their behavior just because of the presence of other people.

Personal space

An area surrounding the body that is regarded as private and subject to personal control.

What makes the body hungry?

the hypothalamus is sensitive to blood sugar. When blood sugar is low, the liver sends a nerve impulse to the brain. The stomach lining produces Ghrelin

Proxemics

Systematic study of the human use of space, particularly in social settings.

Intimate distance

The most private space immediately surrounding the body (up to about 18 inches from the skin).

Personal distance

The distance maintained when interacting with close friends (about 18 inches to 4 feet from the body).

Social distance

The distance at which impersonal interaction takes place (about 4 to 12 feet from the body).

Public distance

The distance at which formal interactions, such as giving a speech, occur (about 12 feet or more from the body).

Social facilitation

Tendency to perform better when in the presence of others.

Social loafing

Exerting less effort when performing a specific task with a group than when alone.

Conformity

Matching behavior and appearance to perceived social norms.

Group sanctions

Rewards and punishments (such as approval or disapproval) administered by groups to enforce conformity among members.

Groupthink

Flawed decision-making in which a collection of individuals favors conformity over critical analysis.

Compliance

Bending to the requests of a person who has little or no authority or other form of social power.

Foot-in-the-door effect

The tendency for a person who has first complied with a small request to be more likely later to fulfill a larger request.

Door-in-the-face effect

The tendency for a person who has refused a major request to subsequently be more likely to comply with a minor request.

Lowball technique

A strategy in which commitment is gained first to reasonable or desirable terms, which are then made less reasonable or desirable.

Obedience

Compliance with a request from an authority figure.

Milgram’s Obedience Studies

Experiments conducted by a Yale University psychologist to study obedience to authority.

Coercion

Being forced to change your beliefs or your behavior against your will.

Brainwashing

Engineered or forced attitude change involving a captive audience.

Cult

A group that professes great devotion to some person and follows that person almost without question; cult members are typically victimized by their leaders in various ways.

Self-assertion

A direct, honest expression of feelings and desires.

Overlearning

Learning or practice that continues after initial mastery of a skill.

How to become a team player (list 4)

CDEM:Create ground rules, Don’t assume everyone knows what you do, Ensure that everyone participates, Model the behavior you want to see

Nonassertive ACTOR

Self-denying, inhibited, hurt, and anxious; lets others make choices; goals not achieved

RECEIVER of a nonassertive actor

Feels sympathy, guilt, or contempt for actor; achieves goals at actor’s expense

Aggressive ACTOR

Achieves goals at others’ expense; expresses feelings, but hurts others; chooses for others or puts them down

RECEIVER of an aggressive actor

Feels hurt, defensive, humiliated, or taken advantage of; does not meet own needs

Assertive ACTOR

Self-enhancing; acts in own best interests; expresses feelings; respects rights of others; goals usually achieved; self-respect maintained

RECEIVER of an assertive actor

Needs respecting and feelings expressed; may achieve goal; self-worth maintained

Social psychology

The study of how individuals think and behave in social settings.

Culture

An ongoing pattern of life, characterizing a society at a given point in history.

Social role

Expected behavior patterns associated with particular social positions.

Role conflict

Trying to occupy two or more roles that make conflicting demands on behavior.

Group structure

The network of roles, communication pathways, and power in a group.

Group cohesiveness

The degree of attraction among group members or their commitment to remaining in the group.

In-group

A group with which a person identifies.

Out-group

A group with which a person does not identify.

Social status

The degree of prestige, admiration, and respect accorded to a member of a group.

Social power

The degree to which a group member can control, alter, or influence the behavior of another group member.

Norm

A widely accepted (but often unspoken) standard of conduct for appropriate behavior.

Social cognition

The process of thinking about ourselves and others in a social context.

Social comparison

Making judgments about ourselves through comparison with others.

Downward comparison

Comparing yourself with a person who ranks lower than you on some dimension.

Upward comparison

Comparing yourself with a person who ranks higher than you on some dimension.

Attribution

The act of assigning cause to behavior.

Situational demands

Unstated expectations that define desirable or appropriate behavior in various settings and social situations.

Self-handicapping

Arranging to perform under conditions that usually impair performance, so as to have an excuse for a poor showing.

Fundamental attribution error

Tendency to attribute behavior to internal causes without regard to situational influences.

Actor-observer bias

The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes while attributing one’s own behavior to external causes.

Attitude

Positive or negative perception of people, objects, or issues.

Open-ended interview

An interview in which persons are allowed to freely state their views.

Social distance scale

A rating of the degree to which a person would be willing to have contact with a member of another group.

Attitude scale

A collection of attitudinal statements with which respondents indicate agreement or disagreement.

Reference group

Any group that an individual uses as a standard for social comparison.

Persuasion

A deliberate attempt to change attitudes or beliefs with information and arguments.

Cognitive dissonance

Psychological state of having related ideas or perceptions that are inconsistent.

Social influence

Changes in a person’s behavior induced by the presence or actions of others.

First way to reduce cognitive dissonance

Change your attitude.

Second way to reduce cognitive dissonance

Add consonant thoughts.

Third way to reduce cognitive dissonance

Change the importance of the dissonant thoughts.

Fourth way to reduce cognitive dissonance

Reduce the amount of perceived choice.

Fifth way to reduce cognitive dissonance

Change your behavior.

Erikson Stage 1

1st year. Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson Stage 2

1-3yr. Autonomy/ Shame & doubt

Erikson Stage 3

3-5yr. Initiative or guilt—conflict between learning to take initiative and overcoming feelings about doing so

Erikson Stage 4

6-12yr. Industry or inferiority—centered around of lack of support for industrious behavior, can result in feelings of inferiority. (support to accomplish task).

Erikson Stage 5

Adolescence. Identity or role confusion.

Erikson Stage 6

Young adulthood. Intimacy or isolation.

Erikson Stage 7

mid-adulthood. Generativity or stagnation—self-interest is countered by self-interest in guiding the next generation

Erikson Stage 8

late adulthood. Integrity or despair-between feelings of integrity and despair of viewing life events with regret.

Learning

any relatively permanent change in behavior attributed to experience

Associative learning

formation of simple association between various stimuli and responses

Antecedents

events that proceed response

Consequences

Effects following response

stimuli

automatic response to stimuli

classical conditioning

form of learning where reflex response are associated with new stimuli (Pavlov)

operant conditioning

learning based on positive/negative consequences of responding. (Skinner)

Theory name Pavlov

Classical Conditioning

Theory name Thorndike

Law of effect

Theory name Watson

theory of behaviorism

Theory name Skinner

Operant Conditioning

Theory name Tolman

Latent learning

Theory name Bandura

Social/observational learning

Theory name Seligman

learned helplessness (shocked dogs)

unconditional stimulus

something that creates a response without prior experience (meat powder)

unconditioned response

response to stimulus that requires no prior experience

neutral stimulus

does not evoke response

conditioned response

learned reaction by pairing og neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus

acquisition

the period in conditioning where a response is reinforced (optional time: .5sec—>5sec).

Ns followed by US

higher order conditioning

conditioned stimulus used to reinforce learning. CS used as if US. (In pavlov, using bell to get the dog to do something else as well)

Informational view

perspective that explains learning in terms of information imparted by events in environment

expectancies

anticipations concerning future events

extinction

weakening of a learned response by repeatedly presenting CS without US

spontaneous recovery

learned response coming back post-extinction

stimulus generalization

tendency to respond to stimuli similar to cs

discrimination

learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli (ex. footsteps)

conditioned emotional response

emotional response liked to previously nonemotional stimulus through classical conditioning (ex. Little Albert)

systematic desensitization

therapy to reduce fear by gradually exposing people to their fears