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Mere presence
The tendency for people to change their behavior just because of the presence of other people.
Personal space
An area surrounding the body that is regarded as private and subject to personal control.
What makes the body hungry?
the hypothalamus is sensitive to blood sugar. When blood sugar is low, the liver sends a nerve impulse to the brain. The stomach lining produces Ghrelin
Proxemics
Systematic study of the human use of space, particularly in social settings.
Intimate distance
The most private space immediately surrounding the body (up to about 18 inches from the skin).
Personal distance
The distance maintained when interacting with close friends (about 18 inches to 4 feet from the body).
Social distance
The distance at which impersonal interaction takes place (about 4 to 12 feet from the body).
Public distance
The distance at which formal interactions, such as giving a speech, occur (about 12 feet or more from the body).
Social facilitation
Tendency to perform better when in the presence of others.
Social loafing
Exerting less effort when performing a specific task with a group than when alone.
Conformity
Matching behavior and appearance to perceived social norms.
Group sanctions
Rewards and punishments (such as approval or disapproval) administered by groups to enforce conformity among members.
Groupthink
Flawed decision-making in which a collection of individuals favors conformity over critical analysis.
Compliance
Bending to the requests of a person who has little or no authority or other form of social power.
Foot-in-the-door effect
The tendency for a person who has first complied with a small request to be more likely later to fulfill a larger request.
Door-in-the-face effect
The tendency for a person who has refused a major request to subsequently be more likely to comply with a minor request.
Lowball technique
A strategy in which commitment is gained first to reasonable or desirable terms, which are then made less reasonable or desirable.
Obedience
Compliance with a request from an authority figure.
Milgram’s Obedience Studies
Experiments conducted by a Yale University psychologist to study obedience to authority.
Coercion
Being forced to change your beliefs or your behavior against your will.
Brainwashing
Engineered or forced attitude change involving a captive audience.
Cult
A group that professes great devotion to some person and follows that person almost without question; cult members are typically victimized by their leaders in various ways.
Self-assertion
A direct, honest expression of feelings and desires.
Overlearning
Learning or practice that continues after initial mastery of a skill.
How to become a team player (list 4)
CDEM:Create ground rules, Don’t assume everyone knows what you do, Ensure that everyone participates, Model the behavior you want to see
Nonassertive ACTOR
Self-denying, inhibited, hurt, and anxious; lets others make choices; goals not achieved
RECEIVER of a nonassertive actor
Feels sympathy, guilt, or contempt for actor; achieves goals at actor’s expense
Aggressive ACTOR
Achieves goals at others’ expense; expresses feelings, but hurts others; chooses for others or puts them down
RECEIVER of an aggressive actor
Feels hurt, defensive, humiliated, or taken advantage of; does not meet own needs
Assertive ACTOR
Self-enhancing; acts in own best interests; expresses feelings; respects rights of others; goals usually achieved; self-respect maintained
RECEIVER of an assertive actor
Needs respecting and feelings expressed; may achieve goal; self-worth maintained
Social psychology
The study of how individuals think and behave in social settings.
Culture
An ongoing pattern of life, characterizing a society at a given point in history.
Social role
Expected behavior patterns associated with particular social positions.
Role conflict
Trying to occupy two or more roles that make conflicting demands on behavior.
Group structure
The network of roles, communication pathways, and power in a group.
Group cohesiveness
The degree of attraction among group members or their commitment to remaining in the group.
In-group
A group with which a person identifies.
Out-group
A group with which a person does not identify.
Social status
The degree of prestige, admiration, and respect accorded to a member of a group.
Social power
The degree to which a group member can control, alter, or influence the behavior of another group member.
Norm
A widely accepted (but often unspoken) standard of conduct for appropriate behavior.
Social cognition
The process of thinking about ourselves and others in a social context.
Social comparison
Making judgments about ourselves through comparison with others.
Downward comparison
Comparing yourself with a person who ranks lower than you on some dimension.
Upward comparison
Comparing yourself with a person who ranks higher than you on some dimension.
Attribution
The act of assigning cause to behavior.
Situational demands
Unstated expectations that define desirable or appropriate behavior in various settings and social situations.
Self-handicapping
Arranging to perform under conditions that usually impair performance, so as to have an excuse for a poor showing.
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency to attribute behavior to internal causes without regard to situational influences.
Actor-observer bias
The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes while attributing one’s own behavior to external causes.
Attitude
Positive or negative perception of people, objects, or issues.
Open-ended interview
An interview in which persons are allowed to freely state their views.
Social distance scale
A rating of the degree to which a person would be willing to have contact with a member of another group.
Attitude scale
A collection of attitudinal statements with which respondents indicate agreement or disagreement.
Reference group
Any group that an individual uses as a standard for social comparison.
Persuasion
A deliberate attempt to change attitudes or beliefs with information and arguments.
Cognitive dissonance
Psychological state of having related ideas or perceptions that are inconsistent.
Social influence
Changes in a person’s behavior induced by the presence or actions of others.
First way to reduce cognitive dissonance
Change your attitude.
Second way to reduce cognitive dissonance
Add consonant thoughts.
Third way to reduce cognitive dissonance
Change the importance of the dissonant thoughts.
Fourth way to reduce cognitive dissonance
Reduce the amount of perceived choice.
Fifth way to reduce cognitive dissonance
Change your behavior.
Erikson Stage 1
1st year. Trust vs. Mistrust
Erikson Stage 2
1-3yr. Autonomy/ Shame & doubt
Erikson Stage 3
3-5yr. Initiative or guilt—conflict between learning to take initiative and overcoming feelings about doing so
Erikson Stage 4
6-12yr. Industry or inferiority—centered around of lack of support for industrious behavior, can result in feelings of inferiority. (support to accomplish task).
Erikson Stage 5
Adolescence. Identity or role confusion.
Erikson Stage 6
Young adulthood. Intimacy or isolation.
Erikson Stage 7
mid-adulthood. Generativity or stagnation—self-interest is countered by self-interest in guiding the next generation
Erikson Stage 8
late adulthood. Integrity or despair-between feelings of integrity and despair of viewing life events with regret.
Learning
any relatively permanent change in behavior attributed to experience
Associative learning
formation of simple association between various stimuli and responses
Antecedents
events that proceed response
Consequences
Effects following response
stimuli
automatic response to stimuli
classical conditioning
form of learning where reflex response are associated with new stimuli (Pavlov)
operant conditioning
learning based on positive/negative consequences of responding. (Skinner)
Theory name Pavlov
Classical Conditioning
Theory name Thorndike
Law of effect
Theory name Watson
theory of behaviorism
Theory name Skinner
Operant Conditioning
Theory name Tolman
Latent learning
Theory name Bandura
Social/observational learning
Theory name Seligman
learned helplessness (shocked dogs)
unconditional stimulus
something that creates a response without prior experience (meat powder)
unconditioned response
response to stimulus that requires no prior experience
neutral stimulus
does not evoke response
conditioned response
learned reaction by pairing og neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus
acquisition
the period in conditioning where a response is reinforced (optional time: .5sec—>5sec).
Ns followed by US
higher order conditioning
conditioned stimulus used to reinforce learning. CS used as if US. (In pavlov, using bell to get the dog to do something else as well)
Informational view
perspective that explains learning in terms of information imparted by events in environment
expectancies
anticipations concerning future events
extinction
weakening of a learned response by repeatedly presenting CS without US
spontaneous recovery
learned response coming back post-extinction
stimulus generalization
tendency to respond to stimuli similar to cs
discrimination
learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli (ex. footsteps)
conditioned emotional response
emotional response liked to previously nonemotional stimulus through classical conditioning (ex. Little Albert)
systematic desensitization
therapy to reduce fear by gradually exposing people to their fears
Note 
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