APUSH | Terms

Not mine

Crusades

1096, religious wars making the path to Asian trade routes violent. Causes Columbus to sail to find a quicker and safer route to Asian goods (1492)

Taino

1490s, Native Americans who lived in Bahamas when Columbus first landed. Population declines quickly due to diasease/enslavement.

Columbian exchange

Plants, animals, diseases, and people merge between east/west hemispheres.

The requirement

Reading by Spanish to Taino requiring conversion to christianity before being dominated by Spanish.

Encomienda system

Spanish king gives away groups of native americans to conquerers to convert to christianity.

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494, splits the new world between Portugal and Spain. Leads to development of new languages in new world (portugese and spanish).

Hernán Cortes

Late 1400s-mid 1500s. Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs and their city in Mexico, 1519.

Hernando De Soto

Early-mid 1500s. Spanish conquistador who sought gold in the American South, abusive to native americans.

Francisco Pizarro

Late 1400s-mid 1500s. Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in Peru, 1931.

Valladolid debate

1550, In Spain debating if they should continue the conquest of Native Americans. Causes Spanish to become less violent but still try to convert as many Native Americans as possible.

Bartolome de las Casas

Late 1400s- mid 1500s, Priest who argued at the Valladolid debate that Native Americans should be treated righteously and was against forced Christianity conversion.

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

Late 1400s- mid 1500s, argued at the Valladolid debate that Native Americans needed to be conquered; they were incapable of self-governing. Thought they might not even human.

Why were Europeans dominant in the new world?

1. Germs/disease

2. Domesticated animals

3. Had "specialists" like doctors/craftsmen (not everyone hunters and gatherers)

4. East-west axis allowed them to share knowledge (similar environments, North South axis of the Americas had different temps, etc.)

5. Superior weaponry.

Anglo Spanish war

1585,Spanish Armada attacks England for pirating them and attempt to put a Catholic on the throne of England. Storms attack the Spanish and the English believe "Protestant Wind" saved them. They try now to spread Protestantism.

Virginia company

1607, sends men to Jamestown VA and guarantees them equal rights as Englishmen.

John Smith

1600s, saves Jamestown by shifting focus from finding gold to basic survival.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

1614, Native Americans banished from English lands. Model for future reservation systems.

John Rolfe

1612, Perfected tobacco crop and boosted Jamestown economy. Makes economy dependant on Tobacco.

Tobacco in Jamestown

Requires land and labor- causes the need for Western expanision and slave labor

House of Burgesses

1619, 1st elected assembly in America in Virginia. Model for other colonies.

Barbados Slave Code

1661, English have total control over slaves, can do anything without punishment. Forms basis of slave treatment though 1860s.

John Winthrop

1600s, Puritan governor of Massachusetts bay colony. Wants to form "City on a Hill"

City on a hill

1600s, The wish for America to become a holy and exemplary society and democracy.

Navigation acts of 1651

England tries to control trade in the colonies; colonies can only trade with England on English boats with English sailors.

Salutary neglect

1650s-1760s, an English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies, causing the colonies to expand and get used to no British intervention.

Cheif Metacom (King Phillip)

Mid-late 1600s, Native American who forms intertribal alliance to push back english settlements in 1675. Starts King Phillips war.

Bacons Rebellion

1876, Nathaniel Bacon (Poor colonist) leads Appalachia to revolt against the rich colonists in Jamestown and Native Americans to get more rights.

Emergence of American identity

Rate of colonist population skyrockets in 1700s. Colonies were very diverse, so there was less loyalty to the British crown.

Zenger case

1730s, publisher Peter Zenger criticizes Governor William Cosby in his paper. Charged with libel, but at court they conclude that TRUTH IS NOT LIBEL. Established free speech in colonies

Yankee Ingenuity

Idea that colonists are more sufficient at solving problems without government than their English counterparts.

Salem witch trials

1692, 20 MA adolescent girls lynched after being called bewitched.

The Great Awakening

1730-40, Mass religious movement and revival. Reaction to enlightenment. Many colleges founded and churches compete to convert slaves or Native Americans.

Johnathan Edwards

Priest during 1st Great Awakening, wrote "sinners in the hands of an angry god"

French and Indian war (7 years war)

1754-1763, war fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. Very costly, causes British to raise taxes.

Samuel De Champlain

Mid 1700s, Father of New France, spreading from Canada to Gulf of Mexico.

Proclamation of 1763

British outlaw English settlements beyond Appalachian mountains out of fear of Native American wars. Angers colonists.

Sugar act

1764, British lower sugar tax and take smugglers to court without jury. Colonists get unequal treatment due to lack of jury.

Stamp act

1765, Taxes printed goods and legal documents. "No taxation without representation"

Quartering act

1765, required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Declaratory act

1766, King declares absolute power over colonies

Townsend act

1767, Taxes "boycott-proof" goods (necessities) like tea

Boston tea party

1773, Sons of liberty dump 18,000 lbs of tea into the harbor to protest a tea tax.

Intolerable acts

1774, series of laws to punish protesters, deemed intolerable by colonists.

Boson Massacre

1770, 5 colonists killed by Redcoats.

Crispus Attucks

Mid 1700s, African-American who died at the boston Massacre.

Lexington and Concord

1775, first battle in American Revolution. No one knows which side shot "The shot heard 'round the world"

Battle of Bunker Hill

1775, major battle that was a very costly win for the British.

2nd Continental congress

1775, Government of the colonies. Organizes the continental army.

Thomas Paine

Writes pamphlet Common Sense, calling for independence, targeting Americans unsure about revolution.

Declaration of Independance

1776, Long list of grievances against the king. Primarily written by Jefferson.

Olive Branch Petition

1775, Founding fathers declare loyalty to King George if he takes out Redcoats and stops fighting in Colonies. George rejects this peace offer, making conflict worse.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker whose ideas led to the Revolution

Natural rights

life, liberty, property

Social contract

Written by John Locke, people consent to be governed if their natural rights are protected.

Shout heard round the world

The Declaration of Independence, influential worldwide and led other countries to revolution.

Battle of long island

1776, defeat in which British capture Long Island but Washington's army survives.

Battle of Trenton and Princeton

1776, two victories that raised morale and gave hope, making soldiers renew their enlistments

Valley Forge

1777-1778, place of Washington's encampment after retreating from Philadelphia. 2000 die from the conditions.

Baron von Steuben

Prussian military expert hired by Washington to train soldiers at valley forge

Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment

British governor Dunmore of VA promises slaves with patriot masters that they can run away to freedom if they join the British in the revolutionary war.

Marquis de Lafayette

Leading figure in American aid in France.

American advantages in revolutionary war

1. British had many enemies

2. Aid from France and Spain

3. Defensive War

American disadvantages in revolutionary war

1. New country, political disunity

2. No functioning government

3. Inflation due to states printing their own money

4. “Sunshine patriots” - only support patriots when they’re winning

Articles of Confederation

1781, weak first constitution

Benedict Arnold

American traitor who switched sides from Americans to British. Escapes before punishment for treason.

Battle of Yorktown

1781, American victory that causes parliament to stop supporting the war.

Treaty of Paris 1783

Ends war, British recognize American independence.

Republican motherhood

Late 1700s, idea that women are moral leaders of the family and everyone's first teacher. Thus, they need to be educated

Copley Family Portrait

Iconic depiction of republican motherhood

Egalitarianism

Belief in human equality

Land ordinance of 1785

The 13 states agree to give up western land claims to avoid conflict. Land is divided and sold.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Establishes rules for statehood, new states will be equal to existing ones. Bans slavery, ignores Native land claims.

What exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

1. Shay's rebellion

2. Barbary Pirates

Shay's rebellion

1786, Rebellion led by Shays of farmers in Massachusetts, protesting taxes. Reveals weakness of Articles of Confederation (no federal military to crush rebellion).

Barbary Pirates

1780s, North African pirates led by Dey of Algiers to target US ships; US fed govt too weak to stop them.

Constitutional convention

1787, secret Philadelphia meeting with 55 delegates to redesign constitution.

Virginia plan

1780s, Constitutional convention plan to benefit big states, representatives proportionate to population.

New Jersey plan

1780s, Constitutional convention plan to benefit small states, representatives equal for all states.

Great compromise

1787, compromise between New Jersey plan and Virginia Plan (House of Representatives = VA Plan, Senate = NJ Plan)

Three-fifths compromise

1787, compromise between pro- and anti-slavery states, says that in representation, slaves count as 3/5 of a person.

Federalism

Division of power between federal and state governments. Implemented in new constitution.

Delegated/enumerated powers

Powers reserved for fed government

Reserved powers

Powers reserved for state governments.

Federalists

1780s, Pro-constitution. Writes Federalist papers to persuade people to support the constitution.

Antifederalists

1780s, Oppose constitution, want personal protections AGAINST government. Demand Bill of rights.

Alexander Hamilton, what he did

Late 1700s, 1st Treasury secretary, assumes state debt, makes tariffs and taxes, established Bank of the US

Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans

Believe in decentralized government (power to the states). Strict constitutionalists.

Hamiltonian federalists

Believe in powerful central government (power to the fed govt). Broad constitutionalists.

Strict constitutionalist

Federal government can ONLY do what the constitution says. Constitution list of things you can do, anything not in it you can't do.

Broad constitutionalist

Constitution is a list of things you CAN'T do, anything not on it you CAN do.

Loyal opposition

The political party out of power still has to be loyal to the US government.

Whisky rebellion

1794, Rebellion in PA against Hamilton's raise in whisky. 13,000 troops were deployed to put it down.

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Washington declares the US would remain neutral in French revolution, promotes isolationism.

Miami Confederacy

1790s, 8 Native tribes armed by British to fight Americans. Defeated by Mad Anthony Wayne.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794, Mad Anthony Wayne defeats Miami Confederacy.

Treaty of Greenville

1795, treaty between Miami confederacy and US, Miami gives up land claims of Ohio and Indiana for $20000

Washington's Farewell adress

Washington warns against involvement in foreign alliances and wars.

XYZ affair

1797, diplomatic incident. French attack US ships in opposing US trade with Britain; US sends diplomats to France but France tries to extort a bribe to talk to their minister; US offended.

Quasi war

1798, unofficial naval war between US and France in reaction to XYZ affair.

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798, meant to silence Adam's critics during Quasi war. Says that the president can deport or jail sus immigrants.