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division of labor
specialization of individuals into different tasks in an economic system or an organization
labor market
process through which workers and employers find each other
there is not a single labor market, different occupations have their own labor markets
changes in labor markets by occupations and industries
manufacturing jobs declined from 32% to less than 9%
professional services increased from 3% to 29%
skilled labor force declined since 1950s
service and sale/clerical jobs increased
professional occupations increase steadily since 1930s
post-industrial society
economic growth is not generated by producing goods but by knowledge and professional expertise
gig economy
things like Uber, DoorDash, Airbnb, Instacart
self-employment
appeared to be in a decline with large companies dominating the economy
traditional self-employment has decreased, but other types have increased including professional freelancers and low-income, marginal informal self-employment (in-home childcare or day labor)
companies are outsourcing work to self-employed people (saves money, no benefits or job security)
labor process
describe how jobs are organized and controlled by managers and bosses from above
deskilling
jobs are made simpler and workers become interchangeable
this way workers don’t have the upper hand
automation is conducive to deskillign
skill-based technological change
technological changes since the 1970s increase demand for high-skilled workers and the wages they could command
telecommuting
white-collar workers perform their jobs from home
provides flexibility and reduces commuting time but also isolates workers from peers
unions
primary way in which workers obtain greater power in labor processes, through negotiations, collective bargaining agreements, etc.
government job regulations
can do some things unions do like regulate work hours, overtime pay, when workers can be fired, etc.
union strength and government regulation strength plays major roles in helping workers
