chem substance

Ionic Compound

A compound formed from the electrostatic attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions.

Covalent Compound

A compound formed when two or more nonmetals share electrons.

Dissociation

The process by which ionic compounds separate into their constituent ions when dissolved in water.

Hydrogen Bonding

A type of dipole-dipole attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.

Polarity

The distribution of electrical charge over the atoms joined by the bond; results in partial positive and negative charges.

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture that is uniform in composition, with the components evenly distributed.

Solute

The substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

The substance in which the solute dissolves.

Saturated Solution

A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a specific temperature.

Unsaturated Solution

A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent.

Supersaturated Solution

A solution that contains more solute than can typically dissolve at a given temperature.

Surface Tension

The cohesive force at the surface of a liquid that makes it behave like a stretched elastic membrane.

Specific Heat

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.

London Dispersion Forces

Weak intermolecular forces resulting from temporary dipoles that occur when molecules are close together.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule.

Factors Affecting Solubility for Solids

Increasing temperature or surface area and agitation increases solubility.

Factors Affecting Solubility for Gases

Decreasing temperature or increasing pressure increases solubility.