Biology Study Set: Key Terms & Definitions for Final Exam

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from

an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Which is an example of an organ?

Heart

When the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules will

Move across the membrane in both directions

The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side to the other. What are these channels and pumps made of?

Proteins

Compare and contrast passive and active transport across cell membranes

Passive - Particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, does not use cellular energy,

Active - Includes endo and exocytosis, requires cellular energy, particles more from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into the compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use?

Mitochondrion

The model shows a substance crossing a cell membrane. Which of the following describes the process?

The model shows the process of diffusion because the solute particles are moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

The illustration shows a model of the transport of solute particles from outside the cell to inside the cell. Wha type of cell transport is shown in the model?

The model shows active transport because energy is required for solute particles to cross the cell membrane.

A cell is placed in an isotonic solution. How does the cell maintain homeostasis in this environment?

Water will move across the cell membrane in both directions because the concentration of solute particles is the same inside and outside.

Which of the following statements is part of the cell theory?

All cells are produced from existing cells

Which scientist was the first to use a light microscope to observe cells in a slice of cork?

Robert Hooke

The cells of all organisms contain DNA. In cells of which of the following groups is the cellular DNA enclosed in a nucleus?

Eukaryotes

The cell theory applies to

all living things

Which of the following structures serves as the cells boundary from its enviroment?

Cell membrane

Which of the following is a function of a cell membrane?

Regulates which materials enter and leave the cell

Lysosomes are an organelle that contain enzymes. Which of the following is a function of lysosomes?

Break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins

Which of the following structures are typically present in both plant and animal cells?

Mitochondria

Which organelles allow plants to support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers?

The vacuoles because they are filled with fluid which provide rigidity

All cells contain cell membranes. Which of the following describes the composition of cell membranes?

Cell membranes are composed of lipid molecules which provide a flexible structure

Which sequence correctly traces the path of a protein in the cell?

rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, released from the cell

Based on the structures of erythrocytes, how do red blood cells help maintain homeostasis in mammalian organisms?

Oxygen diffuses into and out of red blood cells. The biconcave shape of erythrocytes provides an increased surface area on the cells for diffusion to occur.

Which structures carry out cell movement?

Microtubules and Microfilaments

Which means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell?

Active transport

Which organelle breaks down food into molecules the cell can use?

Lysosome

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

Helps the cell keep its shape

Which of the following is an organ in the digestive system?

Stomach

Which of the following is a function of the nucleus?

Coordinating cell activity, growth, metabolism and reproduction.

Eukaryotes usually contain

Nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and genetic material stored in chromosomes.

Which of the following structures is found in the cytoplasm

Ribosome

The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be summarized by saying that

All plants and animals are made of cells

The main function of the cell wall is to

support and protect the cell

A group of similar cell that preform a particular function is called a(an)

Tissue

Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory?

Very few cells reproduce

Chlamydomonas is a genus of single-celled photosynthetic algae. Which of the following is NOT a way that chlamydomonas maintains homeostasis?

The reproductive system of chlamydomonas contains specialized cells that enable the organism to reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Multicellular organisms contain organ systems. Which of the following BEST describes the organs in an organ system?

The organs in an organ system work together to preform a specific funtction

Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know?

The cell lacks a nucleus

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called

Osmosis

Which of the following organisms are prokaryotes?

Bacteria

An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes

Water to move into the cell

Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?

Chloroplast

Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is

usually made of tough fibers

Which organelle helps provide cells with energy?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

You will NOT find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms?

Animal

Why is the nucleus important to cells?

The nucleus contains coded instructions for making proteins

Which structure makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus?

Ribosomes

What type of solution is surrounding the plant cell below and what is the proper terminology for this environment for plants?

Hypertonic; Plasmolyzed

What type of solution are the red blood cells surrounded by and what scientific term applies to the scenario?

Hypertonic; Crenated

What are products of the light dependent reactions?

All of the above

Which of the following acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration?

NAD+

Which of the following affects the rate of photosynthesis?

All of the above

The starting molecule for the Krebs cycle is

pyruvic acid

Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into

oxygen and high energy sugars and starches

Which pathway represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?

H20--->NADPH---->Clavin Cycle

Why does the inside of the thylakoid membrane become positively charged during the light dependent reactions?

H+ ions are released as water splits

One cause of soreness is

Lactic acid fermentation

Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to

Mitochondria

Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?

within the thylakoid membranes

In Figure 8-1, between which parts of the molecule must the bonds be broken to form an ADP molecule?

C and D

Which structures shown in figure 8-1 make up an ATP molecule?

A,B,C, and D

Look at Figure 8-1. All of the following are parts of an ADP molecule EXCEPT

Structure D

What is a product of the Calvin cycle?

high-energy sugars

What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?

adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups

Most plants appear green because chlorophyll

does not absorb green light

Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in

All eukaryotic cells

Which of there is a product of cellular respiration?

Water

The stroma is the region outside the

Thylakoids

Which of the following is not an example of a heterotroph?

Grass

The Krebs Cycle produces

Electron Carriers

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

glycolysis--->krebs cycle--->electron transport

What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?

Glucose and Oxygen

Which of the following is released during cellular respiration?

Energy

If the scientist's predictions are shown to be accurate, then which conclusion about photosynthesis do they support? (HINT: Apply scientific principles such as the Law of Conservation of Mass.)

Some but not all of the matter in carbon dioxide is converted to sugars

Where are photosystems I and II found?

thylakoid membrane

What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?

6O2+C6H12O6---->6CO2+6H2O+Energy

The Calvin cycle is another name for

light independent reactions

The air bubbles and spongy texture of bread are due to which process?

Alcoholic fermentation

In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by

The Krebs cycle

Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules called

Pigments

Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires

Oxygen

Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called

Autotrophs

Milk is converted to yogurt under certain conditions when the microorganisms in the milk produce acid. Which process would be key in the production of yogurt?

Lactic acid fermentation

Breathing heavily after a race is your body's way of

Repaying an oxygen debt

Which of the following is an autotroph?

tree

Which of the following is not a stage of cellular respiration?

fermentation

Cellular respiration uses one molecule of glucose to produce

36 ATP molecules

A granum is

stack of thylakoids

The two main types of fermentation are called

alcoholic and lactic acid

The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to make

ATP

A student is collecting gas off of a plant in bright sunlight at a temperature of 27°C. The gas being collected is probably

Oxygen

In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain occurs in the

Mitochondria

Glycolysis requires

an energy input

The starting molecule for glycolysis is

glucose

Which of the following is not a step in the light dependent reactions

ATP and NADPH are used to produce high energy sugars

Which of these processes takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell?

Glycolysis

Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from the foods they eat are called

heterotrophs

Which of the following passes high energy electrons into the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH2

Which organism is NOT likely to carry out cellular respiration?

anaerobic bacterium

Which step is the beginning of photosynthesis?

Pigments in photosystem II absorb light

The electron transport chain can be found in

All of the above

The calvin cycle takes place in the

stroma