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What is Validity?
The extent to which the study measures what it is intended to measure.
What is accuracy?
Level to which a measurement, calculation, or specification conforms to the correct value or a standard.
How can the accuracy be increased?
using correctly calibrated measuring equipments
using measuring equipments that give definite answers such as digital thermometers instead of mercury thermometer
What is reliability?
Whether the experiment can be repeated and give the consistent results.
What is ethical?
Whether what is being done conforms to good standards of behaviour
What is variable?
Measurable factor that can be changed and maintained in an experiment
Independent variable
A variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables. The factor that was changed in the experiment to collect data.
Dependent variable
A variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value depends on the independent variable. What was being measured.
Controlled variable
What is kept the same/ controlled during the experiment.
What is it called when one of the set up experiments has no independent variable intact?
Control treatment
What is the purpose of a control treatment?
To compare with the other treatments to see if the effects of the independent variable are valid.
What are the two ways that a replication can be done?
Replicating each treatment
Replicating the entire experiment
Name few PPE ( Personal protective equipment)
Safety glasses
Goggles
Enclosed-toe safety shoes
Disposable gloves
Disposable apron/lab coat
Hard gloves
Long pants
Mask
longitudinal and transversal waves
What is a microbe?
A microbe is a microorganism that cannot be seen by the naked eye.
What is a pathogen?
A microorganism that causes disease to it's host.
Characteristic of a wave
What are the 7 signs of a reaction being formed?
Change in colour
Formation of a Gas
Formation of a Precipitate
Change in Odor
Change in Temperature
Something is Burning
Light is Being Produced
How does an aim start?
With a verb such as; to measure, to investigate.
What is the purpose of an aim?
An aim identifies the purpose of the investigation. Helps the investigation focused.
What is hypothesis?
A hypothesis, is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables or a proposed explanation for some observed phenomenon
How do you write a hypothesis?
First state the predicted dependent variable (what is being measured) then state the predicted effect of the independent variable (what change or cause results in the observation)
EXAMPLE
If the amount of fertiliser is increased then the number of leaves will also increase.
When a modification of questions and hypothesis arises, what should the scientist make sure?
The scientist must make sure that the new question and hypothesis still focuses on the matter being experimented to reduce wastage.
What is a primary data?
Collection of empirical data (info collected by observations or measurements during an investigation) from experiments and tests done by the experimenters themselves.
What is secondary data?
Data published in scientific literature related to the topic that the investigation is based on. It is info that has been conducted before by other scientists or by the experimenters themselves but for other purposes.
When collecting secondary data, what is the most important characteristics of the data?
Validity.
What does the validity of a secondary data rely on?
The sources coming from, this being; from an educational, government or scientific institutions where the data is evaluated by a board of scientists. before it is published.
When validity is insured in a secondary data what does this mean?
The data collected is valid, accurate and reliable.
Before starting an experiment what is needed?
A plan which includes
ethical issues consideration
equipment list
risk assessment
method of conducting the experiment
What is a log book?
A type of tracking system that includes a journal taken during the investigation where all data observations, results, inquiries and conclusions are registered.
what are the benefits if a log book?
Keep records
Identify errors
Change or improve methods if needed
What is qualitative data? What are the three types?
Qualitative data is data describing the attributes or properties that an object possesses. Nominal (gender, race), ordinal (blood groups) and binary (yes or no)
What is quantitative data? What are the 2 types?
Quantitative data is data expressing a certain quantity, amount or range. Discrete (counting) and continuous (temp over time)
What is a linear graph used for?
Line graphs are used to track changes over short and long periods of time.
What are bar graphs used for?
Bar graphs are used to compare things between different groups. (groups)
What are histograms used for?
Histograms are used to tracks changes over time. (numerical)
What are scatter plots used for?
Scatter plots are used to study possible relationships between two variables. The relation can be identified with a line of best fit. With scatter plots outliers can be identified.
What are pie charts used for?
Pie charts can be used to show percentages of a whole, and represents percentages at a set point in time.
What is methodology?
A way of going on with an experiment
How do simulations work?
Computer simulations use mathematical equations and data to reproduce the behaviour of a particular system when exposed to a certain set of conditions.
What are limitations in the success of an experiment?
Time
Technology
Resources
Ethical and legal constraints
Cost
Human errors
Random errors
Lack of background knowledge
Lack of primary or secondary resources
What is miscellaneous time and cost?
Predicted time frame for an experiment to be completed and predicted costs for the experiment to be completed
what are the three R’s?
Replacement: Substitution of conscious living higher animals for inanimate materials.
Refinement: Techniques to reduce the adverse impact on animals used.
Reduction: reducing number of animals used.
What are the three R’s used for?
The purpose of the three R’s is to evaluate the most ethical way to conduct and experiment that is ethical.
Why are risk assessments conducted?
Risk assessments allow scientists to consider possible hazards during the investigation, interrogate equipment safety data sheets and WHS guidelines and develop strategies to minimise risks that could occur during the investigation
What is MSDH
MSDH means material safety data sheets.
MSDH helps the user to be aware of the dangers of using the material
how to prevent the risks proposed by the material
How to respond in case of an accident
How to store it and dispose it
The reactivity
How to handle it
Ingredients of the chemical
Manufacturer’s name and contact details
How should equipments be cleaned after using it on living samples?
Autoclaved and disposed to avoid environmental contamination
What is an inquiry question?
Driving force of the research ; can be investigated scientifically
Why is an inquiry question created?
It is created to try to explain an idea and inferences about an observed phenomenon.
What are the 4 characteristic of a good inquiry question?
Should be able to be investigated by gathering data
Does not have a preset or determine answer
Is the driving force of the research
Provide structure to the research
What is a scientific theory?
An explanation of an aspect of the world that can be tested
Note
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