What normal blood protein can activate plasminogen and is often used clinically to dissolve clots?
tissue plasminogen activator
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4
What two chemicals were mentioned in the video as being released by healthy endothelial cells near a site of injury that can inhibit the formation of the platelet plug?
nitric oxide & prostacyclin
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5
What are the two phases of a respiratory cycle?
inspiration & expiration
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6
What are two other names for factor III?
tissue factor & thromboplastin
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7
Why is it not dangerous to have a low number of small systemic venous clots break off and get lodged in lung arteries?
Many of the blood vessels & alveoli are not used at rest. Eventually the clots will be dissolved by fibrinolysis.
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8
What is the average resting minute ventilation?
6L/ min
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9
What structure is present in the respiratory zones of the airway, but not in the conducting zones?
alveoli
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10
What is the name of the primary defense mechanism against pathogen entry in the conducting zone of the airway?
mucus escalator
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11
What defense do we have against pathogen entry if the pathogens make it all the way to the alveoli?
macrophage that phagocytose pathogens
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12
What is the purpose of the plural sac?
to reduce friction
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13
What is the purpose of the nasal conchae?
to create turbulent airflow so that particles breathed in get trapped in the mucus
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14
When and why would it be beneficial for bronchiolar smooth muscle to contract?
When particles enter one part of the lung. Would prevent particles from getting into the air spaces for gas exchange.
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15
What are the six steps of respiration in order?
ventilation
gas exchange
transport in blood
gas exchange
cellular respiration
transport in blood
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16
What are the last cells to develop in a fetus that is necessary for survival outside the womb?
type II alveolar cells
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17
What is the primary determinate of the resistance to airflow in the pulmonary system?
radius of the airway
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18
What are two accessory muscles of inspiration that are not normally activated during relaxed breathing?
scalenes
pectoralis minor
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19
What two factors determine pulmonary compliance?
surfactant
elasticity of the lung
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20
What is the substance that decreases the surface tension of the water in the alveoli? What cells make this substance?
surfactants made by type II alveolar cells
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21
What are three endogenous chemicals that affect bronchiolar smooth muscle and for each state if it causes bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation.
bradykinin - bronchoconstriction
epinephrine - bronchodilation
leukotrienes - bronchoconstriction
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22
Once oxygen binds to one subunit of hemoglobin, the other subunits of hemoglobin have a lower affinity for oxygen.
True
False
False
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23
Increasing alveolar ventilation would tend to (select all that apply)
Decrease alveolar PCO2
Decreased alveolar PO2
Increased alveolar PCO2
Increased alveolar PO2
Decrease alveolar PCO2
Increased alveolar PO2
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24
How many hemoglobin subunits form the hemoglobin molecule?
4
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25
Approximately what percentage of the oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin?
98%
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26
What is the normal average partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli across the respiratory cycle?
105 mmHg
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27
What is the normal average partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli across the respiratory cycle?
40 mmHg
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28
What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic arteries?
100 mmHg
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29
What is the normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the systemic arteries?
40 mmHg
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30
What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic veins at rest?
40 mmHg
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31
What is the normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the systemic veins at rest?
46 mmHg
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32
What is the average dead space in the respiratory tract?
150 mL
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33
At rest, approximately how much of the oxygen in the arteries goes into the tissues in the capillaries?
25%
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34
What disorder is characterized by a decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood?
anemia
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35
What name is used for hemoglobin when oxygen is bound to it?
oxyhemoglobin
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36
What name is used for hemoglobin when oxygen is not bound to it?
deoxyhemoglobin
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37
What molecule does oxygen bind to in hemoglobin and what dietary mineral is a part of this molecule?
heme which contains iron
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38
What are the two components of physiological dead space?
alveolar dead-space
anatomical dead-space
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39
What two factors related to hemoglobin determine the total amount of oxygen in the blood?
percent saturation of hemoglobin
concentration of hemoglobin in blood
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40
What are the three factors discussed in the video that determine the diffusion of a gas into a liquid? Which of these change significantly in the body?
liquid interface temperature
solubility of gas in the liquid
partial pressure of the gas in the air (changes in the body)
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41
Where is most of the iron in your body?
red blood cells
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42
About how long does a red blood cell stay in circulation?
120 days
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43
What is normal red blood cell turnover (as a percent of total circulating red blood cells)?
1% per day
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44
What is the single most common protein in the blood?
fibrinogen
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45
Other than fatigue, what other factor would prevent you from holding a very heavy weight up for very long?
What word refers to the development of red blood cells, and where in the body does this process occur?
erythropoiesis in bone marrow
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48
What three factors were mentioned in lecture as contributing to arterial diastolic pressure?
total peripheral resistance
heart rate
systolic pressure
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49
What four factors during aerobic exercise contribute to the increase in venous return?
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
sympathetic activity to veins
increased blood flow from dilated arterioles
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50
What two types of receptors are activated in muscles during exercise that send inputs into the medulla oblongata? What do each receptor type detect during exercise?
mechanoreceptors - muscle contraction
chemoreceptors - metabolites, decreased O2
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51
Describe the shape of a human red blood cell.
biconcave discs
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52
What is the advantage of not having a nucleus if you are a red blood cell?
increase surface area
easily foldable
leaves more room for hemoglobin
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53
In which ways can iron normally leave the body?
desquamanation
menstral blood
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54
What two vitamins are needed to make DNA were mentioned in the video? These vitamins are needed to make which nucleotide in DNA? Which of these vitamins can only be found in animal products?
folate
vitamin B12 - only in animal product
\*both needed to make thymine
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55
What hormone is needed to make red blood cells? What is the primary stimulus for its production?
erythropoietin - decreased oxygen delivery to kidney
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56
What is hemostasis?
stopping blood loss or maintaining blood volume
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57
What are the three steps of hemostasis in order?
vasoconstriction w/ contract stickiness
platelet plug
clotting
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58
Other than thromboxane A2, what other chemical was mentioned in the video as being secreted by activated platelets and what is its effect?
serotonin - vasodilation
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59
Increasing heart rate would tend toec
decrease diastolic pressure
decrease pulse pressure
increase diastolic pressure
increase pulse pressure
decrease pulse pressure
increase diastolic pressure
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60
During intense aerobic exercise diastolic pressure
decreases
increases
stays the same
decreases
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61
During intense muscle contraction total peripheral resistance
decreases
does not change
increases
increases
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62
The resetting of the baroreceptors during exercise is due to
central command
mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors in the exercising muscle
central command
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63
Most of the iron used in making new red blood cells come directly from the diet.
True
False
false
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64
Free iron is damaging to cells.
True
False
true
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65
von Willebrand Factor is normally found in the blood.
True
False
true
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66
Increasing total peripheral resistance would tend to
decrease diastolic pressure
decrease pulse pressure
increase diastolic pressure
increase pulse pressure
increase diastolic pressure
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67
Increasing the stroke volume would tend to
decrease diastolic pressure
decrease pulse pressure
increase diastolic pressure
increase pulse pressure
increase diastolic pressure
increase pulse pressure
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68
Clots form around platelet plugs
True
False
true
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69
Factor VIIa must bind to platelets to be active
True
False
false
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70
If blood calcium levels are below normal, blood clotting will be limited.
True
False
false
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71
Which pathway usually starts the clotting cascade in the body?
extrinsic pathway
final common pathway
intrinsic pathway
extrinsic pathway
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72
More thrombin in made using the
extrinsic pathway
intrinsic pathway
intrinsic pathway
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73
Vitamin K is
fat soluble
water soluble
fat soluble
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74
A negative air flow occurs with
expiration
inspiration
inspiration
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75
At end-inspiration, the angle of the ribs is more _______________ compared to end-expiration
downward
upward
upward
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76
In normal breathing the intraplural pressure is
Always negative
Always positive
Negative during inspiration and positive during expiration
Positive during inspiration and negative during expiration
Always negative
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77
Surfactant
Decreases pulmonary compliance
Does not affect pulmonary compliance
Increases pulmonary compliance
Increases pulmonary compliance
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78
Without surfactant
Only the largest alveoli would inflate during inspiration
Only the smallest alveoli would inflate during inspiration
No alveoli would inflate during inspiration
Surfactant doesn't affect which alveoli inflate
Only the largest alveoli would inflate during inspiration
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79
Bronchioles are larger during
expiration
inspiration
inspiration
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80
Which would have a larger effect on alveolar ventilation?c
Doubling the respiratory rate
Doubling the tidal volume
Doubling either would have the same effect on alveolar ventilation
Doubling the tidal volume
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81
The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is a measure of
Both concentration of oxygen and pressure exerted by oxygen in the blood
The concentration of oxygen in the blood
The pressure exerted by oxygen in the blood
The concentration of oxygen in the blood
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82
Increasing altitude would directly tend to (select all that apply)
Decrease alveolar PCO2
Decrease alveolar PO2
Increase alveolar PCO2
Increase alveolar PO2
Decrease alveolar PO2
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83
Increasing metabolism would tend to (select all that apply)
Decrease alveolar PCO2
Decrease alveolar PO2
Increase alveolar PCO2
Increase alveolar PO2
Decrease alveolar PO2
Increase alveolar PCO2
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84
As blood flows through the last half of a pulmonary capillary at rest, it does not receive any oxygen from the alveolus.
True
False
true
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85
A decrease in oxygen concentration in pulmonary arterioles causes them to
Pulmonary arterioles are not very sensitive to oxygen concentration
Vasoconstrict
Vasodilate
Vasoconstrict
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86
A decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in pulmonary arterioles causes them to
Pulmonary arterioles are not very sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration
Vasoconstrict
Vasodilate
Pulmonary arterioles are not very sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration
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87
A decrease in oxygen concentration in bronchioles causes them to
Bronchioles are not very sensitive to oxygen concentration
Bronchoconstrict
Bronchodilate
Bronchioles are not very sensitive to oxygen concentration
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88
A decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in bronchioles causes them to
Bronchioles are not very sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration
Bronchoconstrict
Bronchodilate
Bronchoconstrict
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89
Decreasing the arterial PO2 from 100 mmHg to 60 mmHg results in a 40% decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood.
True
False
false
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90
In regular aerobic exercisers, the baroreceptor reflex resets to a higher mean arterial pressure before the person starts exercising.
True
False
true
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91
The increase in mean arterial pressure during a moderate aerobic exercise is due to the normal operation of the baroreceptor reflex.
True
False
false
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92
Where is iron primarily stored in the body?
pancreas
stomach
lungs
liver
bone marrow
heart
kidney
spleen
liver
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93
What organ is the primary destroyer of damaged red blood cells in normal individuals?
bone marrow
pancreas
stomach
spleen
heart
lungs
liver
kidney
spleen
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94
What organ produces erythropoietin?
kidney
heart
lungs
stomach
pancreas
spleen
liver
bone marrow
kidney
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95
Most of the clotting factors in the blood are produced by
the heart
the endothelial cells
the liver
the kidney
the bone marrow
the lungs
the spleen
the brain
the liver
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96
Which vitamin was mentioned in the videos as being required to produce the clotting factors.
cyanocobalamin
vitamin D
vitamin K
niacin
vitamin C
folate
thiamine
vitamin E
vitamin K
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97
Which of the following can be found in circulation? (select all that apply)
tissue factor pathway inhibitor
thrombomodulin
protein C
antithrombin III
plasminogen
heparin
tissue factor pathway inhibitor
protein C
antithrombin III
plasminogen
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98
Which of the following are found on the surface of endothelial cells? (select all that apply)
plasminogen
tissue factor pathway inhibitor
thrombomodulin
antithrombin III
heparin
protein C
thrombomodulin
heparin
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99
If transpulmonary pressure increases the volume of the lung would tend to
decrease
increase
increase
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100
What limits aerobic capacity in healthy individuals?
Studied by 10 people
Note 
Flashcard (53)