AP World History Fishbowl Terms

Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese revolutionary and first president of the Republic of China.

The Long March

Retreat of the Chinese Communist Party during the Chinese Civil War.

Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement, known for nonviolent resistance.

Apartheid

System of racial segregation in South Africa.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty imposing penalties on Germany after World War I.

Blitzkrieg

German military strategy of rapid coordinated attacks.

D-Day

Allied invasion of Normandy, marking World War II's turning point.

Mexican Revolution

Social upheaval leading to Porfirio Diaz's overthrow in Mexico.

Bourgeoisie

Middle class, especially in capitalist societies.

Marshall Plan

American initiative aiding Western Europe's post-World War II recovery.

Joseph Stalin

Soviet leader responsible for industrialization and purges.

Mao Zedong

Chinese communist revolutionary and People's Republic of China leader.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy during World War II.

Globalization

Increased interconnectedness and integration of economies and cultures.

Holocaust

Systematic genocide of six million Jews by the Nazis.

Russo-Japanese War

Conflict between Russia and Japan over Manchuria and Korea.

Opium Wars

Conflicts between China and Britain over the opium trade.

NATO

Military alliance of Western countries against Soviet aggression.

Meiji Restoration

Japanese modernization and Westernization in the late 19th century.

Cold War

Geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic empire based in Turkey, lasting until the early 20th century.

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Japanese cities targeted by atomic bombs during World War II.

Penicillin

Antibiotic drug discovered by Alexander Fleming.

Timbuktu

Center of learning and trade in West Africa.

Safavid Empire

Persian dynasty promoting Shia Islam.

Ilkhanate

Mongol khanate in Persia and the Middle East.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire.

Great Dying

Devastation of Indigenous populations in the Americas by European diseases.

Little Ice Age

Period of cooling climate conditions in the Northern Hemisphere.

Mercantilism

Economic system measuring wealth by precious metals.

Mughal Empire

Islamic dynasty in India known for cultural achievements.

Devshirme System

Ottoman recruitment of Christian boys for government or military.

Ghulam

Ottoman slave soldiers often converted to Islam.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spain-Portugal agreement dividing the New World.

Potosi Silver Mine

Rich silver mine in Spanish-controlled Bolivia.

Fur Trade (Soft Gold)

Exchange of fur pelts for European goods in North America.

Protestant Reformation

16th-century religious movement against the Catholic Church.

Indulgences

Church pardons for sins, criticized by reformers.

Martin Luther

German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation.

Catholic Council of Trent

Church council reaffirming Catholic doctrine and addressing abuses.

Defenestration of Prague

Event sparking the Thirty Years' War.

Sikhism

Monotheistic religion blending Hinduism and Islam.

Divine Faith

Religion founded by Akbar the Great emphasizing religious tolerance.

Akbar the Great

Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance and reforms.

Suleiman the Magnificent

Ottoman sultan known for military conquests and legal reforms.

Guru Nanak

Founder of Sikhism and the first of the Sikh Gurus.

Galileo

Italian astronomer and physicist during the scientific revolution.

Nicolas Copernicus

Polish astronomer proposing the heliocentric model.

Isaac Newton

English scientist who formulated laws of motion and gravitation.

Voltaire

French philosopher advocating freedom of speech and religion.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and advocate of women's rights.

Louis XIV

French king known for absolute rule and Versailles court.

Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite

French revolutionary slogan for liberty, equality, brotherhood.

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution against French rule.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of French territory by the United States.

Napoleonic Wars

Conflicts led by Napoleon reshaping Europe.

Declaration of the Right of Man and the Citizen

Revolutionary document affirming individual rights in France.

Maximilien Robespierre

Key figure in the French Revolution associated with the Reign of Terror.

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan leader in Latin American wars of independence.

Smallpox

Infectious disease devastating Indigenous populations in the Americas.

House of Wisdom

Center of learning in Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age.

Cataract Surgery

Ancient Egyptian medical procedure for eye conditions.

Ibn al-Haytham

Islamic scholar known as the 'Father of Optics.'

Lateen Sail

Triangular sail design aiding ships to sail against the wind.

Crusades

Religious wars between Christians and Muslims for the Holy Land.

Feudalism

Medieval European social system based on land ownership.

Renaissance

European cultural rebirth with focus on art, science, and literature.

Medici

Influential Italian family patronizing the arts during the Renaissance.

Mansa Musa

Wealthy Mali Empire ruler known for his Mecca pilgrimage.

Djinguereber Mosque

Famous mosque in Timbuktu, Mali.

Monsoon Winds

Seasonal winds crucial for trade in the Indian Ocean.

Cahokia

Pre-Columbian Native American city near St. Louis, Missouri.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire in present-day Mexico City.

Chinampa

Mesoamerican floating garden agricultural technique.

Quipu

Inca system of knotted cords for record-keeping.

Shi'a and Sunni

Islam branches differing in beliefs on Muhammad's successors.

Ivan the Terrible

Russian tsar known for tyrannical rule and centralization.

Confucian Exam System

Chinese civil service exam based on Confucian teachings.

Dhow AND Junk

Types of sailing vessels in Indian Ocean trade.

Requerimiento

Spanish document justifying colonization and conversion.

Casta System

Spanish America social hierarchy based on race.

Tokugawa Edicts

Japanese policies restricting foreign influence.

Social Contract

Enlightenment idea of agreement between people and government.

Absolute Monarchy

Government where a single ruler holds complete authority.

Heliocentric

Copernicus' solar system model with the sun at the center.

Rene Descartes

French philosopher known for 'I think, therefore I am.'

The Hajj

Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, a pillar of Islam.

Kowtow System

Chinese ritual of submission to the emperor.

Millet System

Ottoman policy allowing religious minorities self-governance.

Seneca Falls

Site of the first women's rights convention in the U.S.

Reform Bill of 1832 in England

Legislation expanding voting rights and reforming Parliament.

Bolsheviks

Radical faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party.

Mensheviks

Moderate faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party.

Rasputin

Influential figure in the Russian court associated with mysticism.

Tzar Nicholas II

Last emperor of Russia overthrown during the Revolution.

Chiang Kai Shek

Chinese nationalist leader and WWII ally of the U.S.

Sepoy Rebellion

Indian uprising against British rule.

Tank

Armored military vehicle first used in World War I.

Maxim Gun

Early machine gun revolutionizing late 19th-century warfare.