Hous Book 5 Cheat Sheet

This is a review for the Hous BOok 5 test with MRs. Walker

Antebellum:

• Time before war. In this case, before the Civil war.

Industrial Revolution:

• Yeoman Farmers started selling cash crops. Increasing the amount of money in circulation. Causing the factory based economy to also expand

Santa Fe Trail:

• A path between Missouri and Santa Fe which was 800 miles and popular because people wanted to get rich off of trading with the Mexicans

1837 Depression:

• Banks started to crash and people went into debt. Crops cost more to farm then to sell so farmers and others went down the Oregon trail.

Oregon Trail:

• A path to the west. In 1843 people who lost their jobs headed west, catching cholera, and starving on the way

Church of Latter Day Saints:

• Mormons that went to the desert of Utah and created a church based on a book.

Mormons and Joseph Smith:

Joseph Smith led this operation. During 1856, 3000 Mormons moved from Iowa city to Utah. The mormons weren’t liked because of their success and polygamy (wives)

Brigham Young:

• Mormon apostle that took up Smith’s role after he died. BY didn’t like the abuse the mormons received so they moved to Utah.

Manifest Destiny:

• The belief that god chose white men to settle up to the western coast.

Oregon Treaty:

• A treaty with Britain to split the Oregon Territory down the 49th parallel

Spanish missions in California:

• These missions originally intended to be given to natives, turned into outposts for converting natives into Christians.

Mexican California Territory:

• New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, Wyoming, California

John C. Fremont:

• Famous for exploring the west, proving the non-existence of the Northwest Passage, and writing and documenting his journey.

Bear Flag Republic:

• A group of Americans supported by Fremont that set up a nation in California to prepare for an impending war against Mexico.

Antonio Lopez de Santa  Anna:

• A dictator that arose in Mexico around 1824. He ignored freedoms the Mexican constitution promised, and prevented Americans from settling in Texas. He led the charge on the Alamo and was later captured and forced to make Texas an independent nation.

The Alamo:

• In December 1835, Texan rebels attacked San Antonio. Sparking a siege on The Alamo where David Crockett, William Travis, and Jim Bowie led the rebellion.

Sam Houston:

He fought Santa Anna at San Jacinto. He and his group waited until siesta hour(time after lunch/nap-time), and then easily subdued Santa Anna and made him sign a treaty. Texas then became an independent nation(The Republic of Texas), and during Polk’s presidency, Congress made Texas the 28th state, and Sam Houston became the Texas senator. He disagreed with the idea of Southern Secession. He was forced to resign from his position as governor because he refused to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy(he didn’t like slavery).

Secession:

Secession means to become a separate nation(withdrawal).

Mexican War:

Began May 1846, ended in 1848. Many Americans agreed with the war(manifest destiny), but others thought the US was the bully in this situation. 9000 soldiers deserted before the war was over. They thought they were being unnecessarily and offensively aggressive, and that Mexico was just defending themselves.

Treaty of Guadalupe de Hidalgo:

The Treaty of Guadalupe de Hidalgo gave the US what they wanted and California, too.

Supply and Demand:

The less there is of something that everyone wants, the more it will cost, and vice versa.

Chinese Immigration to California:

20,000 Chinese people moved California through San Francisco because of wars and rebellions, and also Yankee vessels were already going to Canton and Hong Kong, telling about the gold in California.

Nativism:

Nativism said only Anglo-Saxon Protestants were “true” Americans.

California Gold Rush:

James Marshall was building a mill for John Sutter on January 24, 1848, and he came across some heavy golden flakes. He knew what they were, but wanted to test if they were real gold. They were, and Sutter told Marshall to keep it a secret, but the workers at the mill already knew, and Marshall and Sutter bragged to others anyway. It took a little while for the people of the US to believe that the announcement of gold was not a hoax, but they eventually started packing their bags and heading to California. There were 3 ways to get to California from the East. One was by ship down around Cape Horn at the tip of South America. This was the longest and easiest way, so it caused scurvy if the ship didn’t carry proper provisions. The second way was to go by boat to Panama, then overland and upriver to the Pacific Coast, where you waited for another boat to take you north. This was the fastest way if you didn’t get robbed, killed in Panama, or die from malaria. The third and cheapest way to go was overland. It was easier after some explorers went, as you would have to get to California before the snows made the Sierra Nevada impossible to pass(think Donner party). The ones who got rich were the storekeepers, as they were the people who sold all the enthusiastic miners gear and clothes. Food was very expensive, as ways of food and supplies were not readily available in California. It was actually rare to hit the jackpot while mining. The prospectors(miners) who went to California were called “49ers” because the gold fever hit in 1849.

Pony Express:

It was a private postal service. It was the fastest mail route, getting from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, in 10 days. Stations were set up 10-15 miles apart along the route. Riders rode from station to station, changing horses every station(2 minutes to change), and changed riders every 8 stations.

F.B. Morse:

Made the telegraph, which used electricity to send messages on a wire. In 1844, the first message using Morse code was sent from the Supreme Court to Baltimore. 17 years after the 1st message, the telegraphy reached coast to coast, and the Pony Express went out of business. F.B. Morse was also famous for painting.

Nakahama Manjiro:

When he was 14 years old, he went fishing with 4 friends, but a storm came and washed the oars out of their boat. They landed on a deserted island, and only could eat shellfish, seaweed, birds and wild animals, and drank rain. The whaling ship John Howland came from New Bedford, Massachusetts, and found them calling for help. Sending them back to Japan was literally suicide, so they took the boys in. His friends went to live with missionaries in Hawaii, and he went to live with the captain’s family.

Matthew Perry:

In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry brought a letter from President Millard Fillmore. Brought 2 steamships, 2 ships, and 560 men(also MANY gifts), and the letter said they should be friends and trade. Japan disagreed at first, but later Japan was divided between 2 groups: half wanting to learn about western tech, half saying it would destroy their culture. The US wanted to trade with Japan, as it had been in isolation for 200 years, and, additionally, they wanted Japan to help shipwrecked sailors.

Newspaper’s role in democracy:

3 prominent NY newspapers: New York Sun(a penny each, 20,000 copies every day, good advertisement), New York Herald(James Gordon from Scotland, even more successful), and New York Tribune(Horace Greeley). Newspapers were VERY affordable(basically anyone could buy one), wildly popular, and being a very useful source to spread information about democracy.

Railroad vs Steamboat:

The concept of railway tracks originated from Ancient Greeks, Romans, and Asyrians who understood that wheels roll easily on smooth tracks. In 1854, the first railroad train traveled from the East Coast to the Mississippi River. Rock Island and Davenport, who were steamboat towns, were not as excited for railroad tracks as they thought about the effects on the steamboat transportation system. The railroad track distance tripled in size between 1850 and 1861. (Abraham Lincoln became a lawyer for the railroad team)The political significance of the dispute between railroad and steamboat supporters was that it was North(railroad) versus South(steamboat), and whoever won would control the commerce of the growing Midwest. The Supreme Court ruled that railroads had the right to bridge rivers.

Phyllis Wheatley & Lucy Prince:

PW was a black woman that had learned Latin and wrote poems in faraway England, and LP was another poet, born a slave, and at the age of 67 she persuaded the governor council for protection of Guildford, and she had a better argument than any male Vermont lawyer.

Sarah and Angelina Grimke:

They carried out a lecture on slavery in 1837, and talked about black children being sold away from their families, whipping, etc. The people were horrified and finally understood the torture, but the ministers were mad because women were the ones speaking of the topic.

Elizabeth Blackwell:

She applied for 29 medical schools, and she was admitted to Geneva Collage in 1847. It was a small school in upstate New York. The administration had asked the students if a woman should be admitted to the school, and the students thought it was a joke so they said yes.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott:

Made the first antislavery convention in 1840

Sojourner Truth: 

• An escaped slave who gave speeches on women's rights, became a symbol for women's rights people.

Rebecca Harding:

Rich lady that wrote about the conditions in the Iron Mills

Factory life:

• Terrible conditions, child labor, 1 in 5 have cancer, many get injured, and lose an extremity or limb.

Henry David Thoreau

Writer dude

Walt Whitman

• Known as the first American poet, because of his new style of writing. Most famous poem is leaves of grass

Slave Trade:

The trade of slaves, made illegal, but people still did it because of the money.

Amistad:

Slaves were captured and brought to Cuba, and Spanish people bought them and took them aboard a ship called the Amistad, where the slaves mutinied, killed the Spanish and tried to sail to africa. They ended up in New York.

President Van Buren:

He wanted to send the amistad and its passengers back to Cuba to avoid controversy, but the supreme court ruled that they could stay.

John C. Calhoun:

Believed that slaves were positively good, and states should have full control

Compromise of 1850:

A compromise that was signed in 1850. It admitted California as a free state and Utah and New Mexico as territories.

Stephen A. Douglas:

Escaped slave that wrote a famous ablolitionist newspaper, the North Star

Popular sovereignty:

Ruling party dependent on majority of citizens

Kansas-Nebraska act:

A controversial act because most Americans felt peace come between north and the south with the Missouri compromise. Broke tradition.

Border ruffians:

People who abused the Kansas-Nebraska Act by going to elections and rigging them, they did not even live in the area, but they voted for slavery

Bleeding Kansas:

After the caning of charles sumner, John brown killed seven slave owners with swords, and Kansas became popular sovereinigty

Caning of Charles Sumner:

Charles Sumner got repeatedly hit in the head 

with a cane because he didn't like slavery during a meeting.

Dred Scott Case:

He was a free man. He had previously lived in Wisconsin enslaved in MO. Debate on whether or not he should be free. They ruled that slaves are property and the fifth amendment protects property. Wisconsin was not a free territory when Scott had lived there though.

Ellen and William Craft:

Ellen was 22 at the time. She was sweet natured, shy, and intelligent  but she couldn’t read or write. She was still a slave because she had a white father and a black mother. Fell in love with william craft who was a slave and a carpenter like her. He had some money saved because his owner let Kim Jung un keep it. They both became abolitionists.

Fugitive Slave Act:

Required citizens in any state (free or slave) to return any enslaved person who ran away to his or her enslaver.

Underground Railroad:

Had stations set up along it. Free white people, (or black) would give food and a place to sleep. It was a secret way to travel. People were heading towards Canada because slavery was abolished there.

John Price:

He was led into a trap of kentucky men. He was being wagoned back into slavery, People of Oberlin rushed to his rescue and took him back. People saw the rescue as a test case to see whether the government would enforce the Fugitive Slave Act. Turns out that slave catchers hadn’t taken John Price legally. The men were afraid of going to jail and asked the Oberlin people to drop the case. If they dropped it, the men would too.