bio test

photosynthesis

The metabolic process for converting solar energy into chemical energy for plants to use

nonvascular

no vascular tissue; smaller bc they can’t transport water up stems; lack leaves, stems, or roots; Have a thallus body and rhizoids

thallus body

does not have true roots, stems, or leaves.

rhizoids

root like structure

vascular

contains vascular tissue; allows plants to transport water and sugars throughout; has roots, stems and leaves

vascular tissue

xylem and phloem; used for transport

nonvascular: mosses

small and dense, can live in any biome

nonvascular: liverworts

; NO STOMATA

nonvascular: hornworts

ONLY ONE CHLOROPLAST PER CELL

the two organ systems

root system and shoot system

organ: roots

absorb water and nutrients; keep plant anchored

organ:stem

transport fluids and store nutrients; specialized cells create new growth and support leaves

organ:leaves

collect sunlight in chloroplasts; have stomata for gas exchange; do photosynthesis

dermal tissue

used for protection and to prevent water loss

cuticle

a waxy layer

xylem

transports water from roots to shoot

phloem

moves minerals from roots to shoot and surgery made during photosynthesis from leaves in shoot to other parts of the plant

ground tissue

used for metabolism, storage, and support (any tissue thats not dermal or vascular)

ground tissue: parenchyma

traditional plant cells

ground tissue: collenchyma

support, like cellulose

ground tissue: sclerenchyma

wooded and durable (like an apple core)

angiosperms

have seeds; flowering plants; reproductive structure is flowers; seeds enclosed in an ovary (fruit); seed dispersal via animals

gymnosperms

have seeds; no flowers or fruit; reproduction structure is cones; seeds enclosed in dispersal via wind

seedless

no seeds; reproduce most similarly to nonvascular plants using spores; spore dispersal via water; ex. ferns and club mosses

sepal

Green tissue that covers the flower when it is a bud

petal

colorful structure used to attract specific animal pollinators

pistil

female organs

ovule

female germ cell that becomes a seed after the egg is fertilized; protected by the ovary, which when ripened becomes a fruit

stigma

The opening at the top of the style

style

A neck that sperm will travel down

stamen

male organs

anther

pollen and sits on the end of the filament

pollen

made by gymnosperms in cones and angiosperms in flowers; powdery substance made of pollen grains

pollen grains

The male gametophyte that gives rise to sperm cells

Monocot

one cotyledon (seed leaf) in the seed embryo; parallel leaf veins; petals in groups of three;net like/ fibrous root system

dicots

two cotyledons in the seed embryo; branching leaf veins; flower petals in groups of 4 or 5; taproot root system

sporophyte

a multicellular diploid (2n) stage; will make spores

gametophyte

a multicellular haploid (n) stage; will make gametes which will eventually fuse to form a zygote

gametes (sex cells)

egg and sperm; produced from the haploid gametophyte during meiosis

meiosis

spores that develop into haploid multicellular organisms

reproduction in nonvascular plants

gametophyte dominated

water

carries sperm from a male gametophyte to a female gametophyte to facilitate fertilization

reproduction in vascular plants

sporophyte dominated

seed

provides key nutrients and protection for the growing plant

fruit

anything the ovary turns into

ovary

protection around the seed

pollination

when water wind or organisms carry pollen from one plant to another to make fertilization possible

seed dispersal

movement Of seeds away from the parent plant

adaptation: cuticle

for water retention

adaptation: stomata

for regulating gas exchange and water loss

adaptation: embryos

to protect and provide nutrients for young growing plants

adaptation: pigments

protect against more UV radiation

adaptation: mutual relationship/association

relationship with fungi that helps plant take in nutrients from soil

first photosynthetic organisms

algae

specialized structures: aeremchyma

type of tissue that can store oxygen made in photosynthesis for use in different parts of the plant that needed to do cellular respiration; Also make the plant buoyant

specialized structures: pneumatophores

read extensions that grow out of the water and into the air to allow oxygen to diffuse through them(That can then be transported to the roots that are underground)

adaptation slow growing

decreases need for oxegen

specialized structures-in leaf: stomata

on the underside of the leaf to prevent water loss through transpiration

specialized structures in leaf: thick cuticle

to slow water loss

specialized structures in roots: spines

to discourage animals from eating the plant for water

dormancy

to save water and avoid drought, the entire life cycle only occurs when rainfall is present and going dormant when rainfall is absent

plant hormones

Guide growth and development, but are also key in signaling and regulation

Signal transduction pathway

when a plant is stressed, a signal transduction pathway can be induced where a signal on one side of the plant can be passed along to cause a desired response on the other end of the plant

gibberellin

hormone related to rapid growth; Stimulates germination and flowering

ethylene

hormone that causes fruits to ripen

cytokinin

hormone that promotes cell division in roots and shoots

auxin

hormone key for regulating growth and elongation of cells

tropisms

Growth in response to environmental stimulus

phototropism

growth in response to the direction of the sunlight

Thigmotropism

growth in response to touch

gravitropism

Growth in response to the direction of gravity