Bio Exam 1

virus

made of proteins and nucleic acids

HIV drugs

can block binding, fusion, reverse transcriptase, integrase, or protease

endotoxins

released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down

lipids

fats and oils insoluble in water that form membranes

structures of proteins

helices, bends, and kinks

subunits

multiple folding chains of a protein

genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

Alzheimer's disease

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) --> Ab peptide (a short chain of amino acids) --> Amyloid fibrils --> Amyloid plaques

merozoites

new cells that emerge from the liver and infect red blood cells in malaria

amyloid fibrils

Misfolded protein has amyloid form that aggregates into large beta sheets

tuberculosis

bacterial disease; used to be highest cause of disease death

incidence

rate of new infections

vCJD

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease that causes brain holes

prions

Misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold and stick together and are infectious; cause fatal, neurodegenerative disease

virus discovery process

through sick and healthy plants

Bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria; has a head and tail

capsid

Outer protein coat of a virus

viral envelope

derived by budding from cell membranes

spike proteins

protruding structures of virus that are recognized by antibodies

virus life cycle

absorption, injection, replication, assembly, release

absorption

when a virus binds to a receptor protein on a cell

injection

DNA is injected into the cell and takes charge of the host cell

assembly

new virus is made

release

the cell dies and virus leaves to infect more cells

HIV binds to

white blood cell receptors

reverse transcriptase

turns RNA into DNA

integrase

the enzyme responsible for integrating viral DNA into the host cell's DNA

protease

enzyme that breaks down proteins

antibodies

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

eukaryotes

Cells that contain nuclei

prokaryotes

Cells that do not contain nuclei, like bacteria

luria-bertani media

liquid broth made of mostly yeast extract where bacteria grows in labs

exotoxins

toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment

yersinia pestis

bubonic plague

bubonic plague

in the lymph nodes

septicemic plague

in the blood

pneumonic plague

in the lungs

anthrax

caused by bacillus anthracis; can form spores when nutrients are depleted that are hard to get rid of

lipid bilayer

double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes

ligand

A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule

enzymes

carry out reactions by breaking down substrates into products

transport proteins

allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane

protein folding problem

how proteins form their unique shapes

nucleotides

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases; A, C, G, and T

DNA replication

double strands split into single strands and serve as templates for complementary nucleotides to assemble and polymerize

transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

codon

A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

antiretroviral drugs

antiviral drugs that work against retroviruses such as HIV

oncogene

cancer causing gene, eg EBV and HPV

cytokines

small proteins that promote inflammation and fever

salk vaccine

inactivated virus used in vaccine

sabin vaccine

used attenuated virus to establish immunity

endemic

confined to a particular country or area

phases of vaccine development

pre clinical testing, phase 1 in small groups to test safety, phase 2 tests, phase 3 tests for efficacy

chromosome shuffling

When genes on chromosomes are switched/given to a different chrimosome; reason we need new flu vaxes each year

antigenic drift

Minor change in influenza virus antigens due to gene mutation

gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

Leishmaniasis

vector of parasitic disease -- sandflies

diseases caused by protozoan

amoebic dysentery, toxoplasma, malaria

tsetse fly

vector that causes African sleeping sickness

trypanosomes

parasites that may live in the blood and cause a variety of serious diseases; coat themselves in surface glycoproteins to evade immune response

ddt

binds to sodium channels and keeps it open so nerve cells fire spontaneously

Sterile Insect Technique

the release of large numbers of sterilized males to mate with wild females and prevent the fertilization of eggs and production of viable young

plasmodium

parasite that causes malaria

plasmodium life cycle

bites give humans sporozorites, which replicate in the liver and form merozoites that invade in red blood cells; also makes gametocytes that can be taken in by mosquitos when they bite

anopheles gambiae

malaria mosquito

wolbachia

a bacteria that infects insects and can make them less susceptible table to plasmodium

yellow fever

caused by an RNA virus, spread by mosquitos

RNA viruses

dengue, zika

PrPsc

infectious form of a prion protein; can replicate itself and cause disease; can form amyloid fibrils and plaques and spongiform encephalopathy

cases of PrPsc

acquired (eating brain with prions), sporadic (conversion of normal proteins), and familial (conversion of mutant protein)

L-DOPA

A drug for Parkinson's disease that contains the precursors to dopamine so that once it is in the brain, it will be converted to dopamine.

lewy bodies

Clumps of proteins observed in the surviving dopaminergic neurons of Parkinson's patients; contain alpha-synuclein that forms fibrils

transmissions of prions

acquired, sporadic, familial

prion discovery

UV light damages and destroys RNA and DNA

Extract from Scrapie-infected sheep was irradiated and still transmitted Scrapie

Fractionated infected hamster brains had prion proteins

RNA viruses

Zika, Dengue, yellow fever -- all in warmer climates

main parts of malaria lifecycle

sporozoites, merozoites, gametocytes

sporozoites

plasmodium cells that enter the bloodstream and infect the liver

gametocytes

taken up by mosquitos from humans in malaria spread

nagana disease

when Tsetse flies bite domesticated cows, affects milk yield, growth of animals, fertility, work output, herd size

Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG)

trypanosomes coat themselves with this protein; allows them to avoid immune responses

diseases caused by protozoans

Giardiasis: GI infection

Trichomoniasis: STD for men and women

Amoebiasis: GI infection

types of protozoan movement

Extension of pseudopods, beating of flagella, beating of cilia, immobile

Single nucleotide polymorphism

variation in a DNA sequence occurring when a single nucleotide in a genome is altered

bacteriophage structure

head with genome, sheath, plate, and tail fibers

bacterial pathogenesis

invasion of tissues, invasion of cells, production of toxins

Leishmaniasis

transmitted by sandflies, cause skin lesion and organ infections

polio

enters GI tract, destroys motor neurons and causes paralysis

paxlovid

Covid medicine that inhibits the cleavage of large viral proteins into smaller proteins(disrupts/prevents the replication process)

remdesivir

Covid drug that prevents viral RNA production in the host cell

bacterial structures

1. coccus: round, spherical

2. bacillus: rod-shaped

3. spiral: (like Lyme disease)

phospholipid

a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes

sodium channels

allow sodium to pass through the cell; important for nervous signal firing into the brain

types of proteins

transport, structural, antibodies

base pairings

A-T (U for RNA)

G-C

selfish DNA

A DNA sequence that has the capacity for its own replication, or replication via other self-replicating elements, but has no immediate function (or is deleterious) for the organism in which it resides.

cystic fibrosis

disease caused by single gene mutation

BRCA1

breast cancer gene 1; example of a gene that can be tested for

chagas disease

8 million infected, 21,000 deaths/yr mostly in Latin America; vector: kissing bug (triatominae)