Physiology Unit 1: Anatomy, Directional & Body Planes Terms, Levels of Organization, Homeostasis

Superior

Upper part of body structure

Inferior

Below

Anterior

Toward or at the front of the body

Posterior

Toward or at the backside

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side

Proximal

Close to the origin of body part or the point of attachment of limb

Distal

Farther from origin of attachment

Superficial

External

Deep

More internal

Dorsal

Spine side, "back"

Ventral

Belly side (front side)

Anatomical position

Standing up, feet together, arms at side, palms forward

Supine

Laying down, FACE UP

Prone

Laying down, FACE DOWN

Body Planes

Flat surface that passes through the body to create TWO regions.

Frontal

Divides the body: into ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR sections

Transverse

Divides the body into SUPERIOR and INFERIOR sections.

Sagittal

Divides the body into UNEQUAL lateral parts

Midsagittal

Divides the body EXACTLY at midline (equal)

Organelle

Specialized subunit with a cell with a specialized function-WHAT MAKES UP A CELL

Cell

Made up of ORGANELLES

Tissue

Made up of CELLS

Organ

Made up of TISSUES

Organ system

Made up of ORGANS ex: digestive system

Body Cavities

Fluid filled space in body that holds and protects organs

Dorsal Cavity has ______ Cavity & _____ Canal

Cranial Cavity & Vertebral Canal

Ventral Cavity has ______ Cavity, _______, ____________ Cavity, _________ Cavity and ________ Cavity

Thorasic cavity, Diaphragm, Abdominopelvic Cavity, Abdominal Cavity and Pelvic Cavity.

Cell Specialiation: Each cell is uniquely suited to _________________________ in an organism.

Perform a PARTICULAR function.

Cells have an _______________ that will allow them to function properly

Identifiable structure

Sperm Cell Location

Male reproductive cells produced in testes.

Sperm Cell Function

Helps produce offspring

Sperm Cell Features (2)

1. Half chromosomes set for future offspring

2. Flagellum-tail to move cell

Red Blood Cell Location

Produced in red bone marrow.

Red Blood Cell Function

Carries oxygen.

Red Blood Cell Features (2)

1. Biconcave shape makes it flexible to fit in vessels.

2. 2.NO ORGANELLES to maximize molecule transport

Adipocyte Location

Under the skin, surrounding the internal organs.

Adipocyte Function

Energy reserve

Adipocyte Features (2)

1. Flexible, can increase to maximize storage.

2. Large vacuole with oil

Cyte

Means cell

Simple Columnar Cell Location

Lines INTESTINAL tract

Simple Columnar Cell Function

Absorbs nutrients and secretes mucus

Simple Columnar Cell Features (2)

1. Goblet cells secrete mucus.

2. Microvilli to increase surface area for absorption

Pseudostratified Columnar Cell Location

Lines RESPIRATORY tract.

Pseudostratified Columnar Cell Function

Propels air molecules, mucus traps pathogens.

Pseudostratified Columnar Cell Features (2)

1. Cillia sway back/forth to move air molecules.

2. Goblet cells secrete mucus.

Skeletal Muscle Cell Location

ATTACHED to BONES

Skeletal Muscle Cell Function

Aids in moving skeleton

Skeletal Muscle Cell Feature (1)

Multiple mitochondria for more energy.

Neuron Location

Brain, Spinal Cord, 5 senses

Neuron Function

Sends and receives messages.

Neuron Feature (1)

Myelin sheath speeds up signal

Placement of Dendrite on Neuron

On the branches, at the top.

Histology

Study of TISSUES at the microscopic level

Histology examines ______ within _____. It also determines ____________ based on _______.

Cell structures. Tissues. Tissue Function. Structure.

Muscle Tissue is found ______, ______, ______

Connected to bone, surrounding the heart, lining digestive/respiratory/circulatory systems.

Muscle Tissue Functions

Aids in movement within the body and body as a whole.

Cardiac muscle : ______, Skeletal muscle: _______, Smooth muscle: ______.

Branches out, straight and striped lines, no stripes.

Nervous Tissue Location

Found WITHIN Brain, Spinal Cord, between 5 senses.

Nervous Tissue Function

Communication between internal and external environments.

Epithelial Tissue Location

Lines the body

Epithelial Tissue Functions (4)

• Protect,

• Secrete,

• Propel/Move,

• Diffuse/Absorb

Epithelial Shapes (3)

• Cuboidal: Square,

• Columnar: Tall, Rectangle,

• Squamous: Flat, Rectangle

Epithelial Layers (2)

Simple: One layer, Stratified: Many/multiple layers

Epithelial Structure: Apical Layer (2)

1. Top layer

2. Determines tissue shape.

Epithelial Structure: Basal Layer

Bottom layer

Epithelial Structure: Basement Membrane (2)

1. Found below basal layer.

2. Anchors epithelial tissue.

Epithelial Structure: Connective Tissue (2)

1. Another type of tissue.

2. Found below basement membrane.

Epithelial Features: Avascular

All tissue contains NO BLOOD SUPPLY.

Epithelial Features: Cilinted

SOME tissue contains mobile hair-like structures.

Epithelial Features: Microvilli

SOME tissue contains statoinary cell membrane extensions.

Connective Tissue is ONLY

Internal

Connective Tissue Functions (5)

1. Support and Protect ex: bone, cartilage

2. AIDS in MOVEMENT of body internally & externally

3. TRANSPORTATION ex: blood

4. Storage of energy reserve ex: adipose (fat)

5. Defense of the body ex: lymph

Specialized Cells: Fibroblast

Makes FIBER & ground substance (extracellular matrix)

Specialized Cells: Chondrocytes

CARTILAGE cell

Specialized Cells: Osteocytes

BONE cell

Specialized Cells: Adipocytes

FAT cell, STORES energy, (Can change size)

Specialized Cells: White Blood Cells (WBC)

IMMUNE, fights infection

Specialized Cells: Red Blood Cells (RBC)

Carries Oxygen

Extracellular

Out of cell (think extraterrestrial)

Fibers: Collagen Fibers & What it Provides

1. Long, straight, unbranched. MOST common type of fiber. Strong, flexible.

2. PROVIDES TOUGHNESS

Fibers: Elastic Fibers & What it Provides

1. Branched & Wavy. Very stretchable, can return to original shape.

2. PROVIDES RESILIENCE.

Ground Substance (3) & What Part it is of

Substance around cells: can be liquidy, syrupy or rigid. (Part of extracellular matrix)

Physiology

Study of body systems and their functions

Skeletal System Function (4)

• protection,

• support & movement,

• stores calcium,

• produces blood cells

Ligaments

Bone to bone

Tendons

Muscle to bone

Muscular System Function

Movement

Circulatory/Cardiovascular System Function

Transport nutrients (O2) to tissues & remove waste (CO2) from tissues.

Respiratory System Function

Exchanges O2 & CO2 between lungs & environment, transport O2/CO2 to and from lungs & blood.

Nervous System Functions (3)

• Detect stimuli,

• send & receive messages,

• control activities.

Endrocrine System Function

Slower acting communication within body that uses hormones produced by glands.

Integumentary System Function (2)

• Barrier from external environment-protection,

• helps regulate body temp

Lympathic/Immune System Functions (2)

• Defense,

• Protect against pathogens, infections & disease.

Digestive System Functions (3)

• Break down food,

• absorbs nutrients,

• exterminates sold waste.

Urinary System Function (2)

• Filters blood,

• removes liquid waste from body.

Reproductive Systems (2)

• Produces gametes (sperm & egg),

• passes genetic info to offspring.

2 Characteristics/features in naming epithelial tissue are __________ & _________

how many layers & what shape.

3 Characteristics specific to connective tissue are _____________, ____________ & ______________.

Specialized cells, Fibers & Ground Substance.

Two types of tissues that serve as protection

Epithelial & Connective.