kinesiology exam 1

bone function:

support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation

axial skeleton:

center point of body

skull, ribs, spine, pelvis

appendicular skeleton

anything attached i.e. appendages

more bones than axial

epiphyseal plate

point of bone growth (growth plate)

closes when bone reaches full maturity

articular cartilage

outer covering of epiphyses of bone

provides smooth joint movement

wolffs law

bone will respond to a direction and magnitude of a habitually applied force

how bones come to look the way they do

ex: cross country vs swimmer

osteokinematic motion

the motion of bones relative to 3 cardinal planes (occurs due to movement between articular surfaces of joint)

what you can SEE

flexion, extension, movement of bone

arthrokinematic motion

motion between articular surfaces (3 accessory motions, gliding, spinning, rolling)
accessory motions allowing big motion to happen

each joint has its own set of arthrokinematic motions

ligament

cord, band, or sheet of strong, fibrous connective tissue that unites the articular ends of bones to tie them together and facilitate movement between them

sole function is not support or stability

diarthrodial joint

round, movement is taking place

distinguished by separation of the bones and presence of joint cavity

synarthrodial joint

fused and less mobile joint

(teeth gomphosis, skull suture, public symphysis, synchondrosis, syndenmosis)

hinge joint

ginglymus

one concave surface, other surface spool-like

ball and socket joint

enarthrodial

rounded head of one bone fitting into the cuplike cavity of another bone

hip, shoulder

saddle joint

sellar joint
both bones have a surface that is convex in one direction and concave in the opposite direction
wrist, thumb

pivot joint

trochoidal
one bone rotates around another bone
radius joint

condyloid joint

ellipsoidal

one convex surface fitting into a concave surface
different than ball and socket as condyloid is capable of movement in only two planes

arthrodial joint

gliding joint

irregularly shaped surfaces that are typically flat or slightly rounded, only allows for gliding movement

carpals

nonaxial joint

allows only gliding movement

uniaxial joint

permit one movement in only one plane about one axis

biaxial joint

permits movement in two planes, about two axes

triaxial joint

allows movement in three planes, three axes

suture joint

no detectable movement, appears to be sewn together
bones of skull

cartilagenous joint

allows some movement, no other than the joints in spinal column

shock absorber

pubic symphysis

ligamentous joint

ties together bones that have very limited or no movement

joint between acromion and coracoid process

joint strength is determined by

the physical structure of the bones

the strength, number, and anatomical position of the ligaments

other structures (blood vessels, nerves, skin, fascia)

degree of movement in joints determined by

bones involved

thickness and laxity

amount of fat and muscular tissue

strength and flexibility of muscle tissue crossing joint

resistance of other structures

origin of muscle

proximal bone of joint

less movement

insertion of muscle

attached to distal bone of joint

more movement

properties of muscle

extensibility
elasticity
contractility
excitability

extensibility

ability to passively stretch

elasticity

ability to return to resting length

contractility

ability to develop tension

excitability

sensitive to a stimulus

a greater cross section in muscle

means greater force exertion (more muscle fibers = more work ability)

length of muscle

can determine force

longer muscles = more force generated = greater range of motion

the agonist muscle

the main muscle moving to produce a movement

ex: biceps brachii in elbow flexion

the synergist muscle

the muscle aiding in the agonist to accomplish a movement
ex: triceps brachii in elbow flexion

the antagonist muscle

the muscle opposing movement of the agonist

muscle do not pull

they push

concentric contraction

develops tension while shortening
no tension to tension

isotonic / dynamic

eccentric contraction

maintains tension while lengthening
tension to tension
isotonic / dynamic

isometric contraction

there is no movement, but tension is generation

tension to tension

isometric / static

myosin

thick band

contains cross bridges

cross bridges will attach to actin receptor sits when brain reveals them

myosin itself does not move

similar to row boating

this action is REQUIRED to generate muscle tension

actin

thin band

contains receptor sites for myosin attachment

will be pulled forward

fast twitch muscle

strength functions

use of sugar storage that will run out quickly, but is efficient for short term use

ex: breast of chicken

slow twitch muscles

endurance activities

uses myoglobin (takes time to produce ATP, but consistent)

ex: thigh of chicken

class one lever

resistance in opposition to force

axis in middle

see saw, neck muscles supporting head

class two lever

axis in opposition to force

resistance in the middle

wheel barrow

class three lever

resistance in opposition to axis

force in the middle

hand holding resistance, axis in elbow, force is biceps brachii)

goal of lever

use of a tool to overcome a resistance

helps to use less force in overcoming big resistance

muscle spindle function

is sensitive to how much muscle is being pulled/ how fast it is

will send a signal to the brain to tell the muscle how to react

ex: dog pulling hand and not letting go

SAME DAVE

sensory afferent motor efferent
dorsal afferent ventral efferent

proprioception

subconscious mechanism by which body regulates posture and movement

kinesthesis

conscious awareness of the position and movement of body and space

the all or none principal

the more motor units you have per muscle, the more control you have

the neuron either tells something to happen or doesnt

threshold

the motor units will have set thresholds (levels of stimulus from nerve depends on how many motor units will react)

makes to where control is allowed in muscles

pulleys

simple pulleys change direction of pull on an applied force