chapter questions exam 3

Cellular respiration does NOT include which of the following events?

A. glycolysis
B. citric acid cycle
C. light reactions
D. electron transport chain
E. preparatory reaction (prep)

C. light reactions

Which molecules are the reactants or substrates for aerobic respiration?

A. glucose and carbon dioxide
B. carbon dioxide and water
C. oxygen and glucose
D. glucose and water

C. oxygen and glucose

Which molecules are the products of aerobic respiration?

A. glucose and water
B. glucose and oxygen
C. lactate and carbon dioxide
D. carbon dioxide and water

D. carbon dioxide and water

Which of the following is a substrate of cellular respiration?

A. carbon dioxide
B. water
C. glucose
D. energy

C. glucose

Which of the following does not describe the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

A. It accepts two electrons.
B. It is a coenzyme.
C. It is necessary for glycolysis.
D. It is broken down to CO2 and water.

D. It is broken down to CO2 and water.

What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?

A. It is a coenzyme.
B. It is an enzyme.
C. It provides the oxygen.
D. It provides the energy.

A. It is a coenzyme.

What are the input requirements of glycolysis?

A. NAD+, FAD, acetylCoA, and ADP,
B. ATP, NAD+, glucose, and ADP
C. pyruvates, NADH, and ADP
D. glucose and oxygen

B. ATP, NAD+, glucose, and ADP

The final products of glycolysis are

A. pyruvate, ATP, and NADH + H+.
B. pyruvate and ATP.
C. pyruvate and NADH + H+.
D. ATP and NADH + H+.
E. pyruvate

A. pyruvate, ATP, and NADH + H+.

Where does glycolysis take place within the cell?

A. endoplasmic reticulum
B. mitochondrial matrix
C. mitochondrial membrane
D. cytoplasm

D. cytoplasm

Choose the one correct statement?

A. Glycolysis results in the release of carbon dioxide.
B. Glycolysis is a cyclical reaction.
C. Glycolysis is a reduction reaction where only glucose is reduced.
D. Glycolysis occurs twice per glucose molecule.
E. Glycolysis breaks glucose down to two pyruvate molecules

E. Glycolysis breaks glucose down to two pyruvate molecules

Muscles undergo fermentation when

A. no oxygen is available.
B. no carbon dioxide is available.
C. no ATP is available.
D. no pyruvate is available

A. no oxygen is available.

Pyruvate can be converted to lactate instead of going to the preparatory reaction. Why does this occur?

A. The cells need lactate to produce ATP.
B. The cells doing the reaction are prokaryotes.
C. Oxygen is not available.
D. There is a shortage of glucose.

C. Oxygen is not available.

Why do organisms without oxygen need to convert pyruvate to lactate?

A. in order to regenerate NAD+
B. because lactate is needed to produce ATP
C. because pyruvate is toxic to the cells
D. in order to use lactate in the citric acid cycle

A. in order to regenerate NAD+

What phase(s) of cellular respiration produce(s) NADH?

A. glycolysis
B. preparatory reaction
C. citric acid cycle
D. glycolysis and preparatory reaction
E. glycolysis, preparatory reaction, and citric acid cycle

E. glycolysis, preparatory reaction, and citric acid cycle

Which stage(s) will produce carbon dioxide in cellular respiration?

A. glycolysis
B. preparatory reaction
C. citric acid cycle
D. both glycolysis and the electron transport chain
E. both the preparatory reaction and the citric acid cycle

E. both the preparatory reaction and the citric acid cycle

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

A. glycolysis
B. preparation reaction
C. citric acid cycle
D. electron transport chain

D. electron transport chain

Pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon acetyl group attached to coenzyme A (CoA), and CO2 is given off. This phase is called

A. substrate-level ATP synthesis.
B. the preparatory reaction.
C. the citric acid cycle.
D. fermentation.

B. the preparatory reaction.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate.
B. The citric acid cycle begins and ends with pyruvate.
C. NADH2 will eventually produce three ATP molecules.
D. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

B. The citric acid cycle begins and ends with pyruvate.

Which pathway in cellular respiration will produce ATP, NADH, and carbon dioxide?

A. glycolysis
B. preparatory reaction
C. citric acid cycle
D. electron transport chain

C. citric acid cycle

The production of ATP as a result of an electrochemical gradient is called

A. substrate-level phosphorylation.
B. chemiosmosis.
C. deamination.
D. substrate level phosphorylation.

B. chemiosmosis.

Why does chemiosmosis require a membrane?

A. to anchor proteins within the mitochondria
B. because the phospholipids are involved in the electron transport chain
C. to separate two compartments of the cell to allow for gradient formation
D. to generate H+ from water

C. to separate two compartments of the cell to allow for gradient formation

What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain in respiration?

A. Oxygen
B. Water
C. NADH
D. ADP

A. Oxygen

Which molecules donate electrons to the electron transport chain of respiration?

A. NADH and FAD
B. ATP and ADP
C. Water and Oxygen
D. Carbon Dioxide and Water

A. NADH and FAD

Where is NAD+ converted to NADH?

A. Cytoplasm and Matrix of the Mitochondrion
B. Cytoplasm Only
C. Matrix of the Mitochondrion Only
D. Intermembrane Space of the Mitochondrion Only

A. Cytoplasm and Matrix of the Mitochondrion

ATP and ADP have a strong negative charge. How could that get into and out of the mitochondrion?

A. Through a membrane transport protein.
B. By diffusion throught the phospholipid bilayer.
C. Diffusion through the mitochondrial membranes since those membranes are not made of phospholipids.
D. By endocytosis and exocyctosis of the mitochondrial membranes.

A. Through a membrane transport protein.

In the above image, the sphere next to the letter A represents

A. a proton or hydrogen ion.
B. an electron.
C. the matrix.
D. oxygen.

A. a proton or hydrogen ion.

In the above image, the sphere next to the letter B represents

A. a proton or hydrogen ion.
B. an electron.
C. the matrix.
D. oxygen.

B. an electron.

In the above image, the orange globule embedded in the membrane labeled by the letter C represents

A. a proton or hydrogen ion.
B. a proton pump.
C. the ATP synthase complex.
D. NADH

B. a proton pump.

In the above image, the orange globule embedded in the membrane labeled by the letter G represents

A. a proton or hydrogen ion.
B. a proton pump.
C. the ATP synthase complex.
D. NADH

C. the ATP synthase complex.

CHAPTER 8

CHAPTER 8

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A. water and carbon dioxide
B. carbohydrate and water
C. oxygen and carbohydrate
D. carbon dioxide and carbohydrate

C. oxygen and carbohydrate

The raw materials or reactants of the photosynthetic process include

A. glucose and oxygen.
B. carbon dioxide and glucose.
C. carbon dioxide and water.
D. glucose and water

C. carbon dioxide and water.

At the cellular level, photosynthesis occurs within

A. the chloroplast.
B. the cristae of the mitochondria.
C. both chloroplasts and mitochondria.
D. all plant cell organelles.

A. the chloroplast.

Solar energy is captured by

A. pigments.
B. nucleus.
C. glucose.
D. NAD+.

A. pigments.

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning sunlight radiation used for photosynthesis?

A. All of the sunlight that hits the atmosphere is used for photosynthesis.
B. Only the highest energy wavelengths are used for photosynthesis.
C. Only the red, blue, and violet wavelengths of visible light are used for photosynthesis.
D. Only the green visible light is used for photosynthesis.

C. Only the red, blue, and violet wavelengths of visible light are used for photosynthesis.

Why are plant leaves green?

A. They absorb only green wavelengths of light.
B. They absorb only yellow and blue wavelengths of light.
C. They reflect green wavelengths of light.
D. They reflect yellow and blue wavelengths of light.

C. They reflect green wavelengths of light.

The metabolic events that move electrons from water to NADP+ are referred to as what?

A. noncyclic electron pathway
B. CO2 fixation stage of Calvin cycle reactions
C. citric acid cycle
D. CO2 reduction phase of Calvin cycle reactions

A. noncyclic electron pathway

Water is split and oxygen is released in

A. the citric acid cycle.
B. the Calvin cycle reactions.
C. the noncyclic electron pathway.
D. photosystem I.

C. the noncyclic electron pathway.

What are the stages of the Calvin cycle?

A. carbon dioxide fixation and regeneration of RuBP
B. the noncyclic electron pathway and the cyclic electron pathway
C. the light reactions, regeneration of RuBP, and cyclic electron pathway
D. carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and regeneration of RuBP

D. carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and regeneration of RuBP

One of the products of the Calvin cycle is

A. RuBP carboxylase.
B. 3PG.
C. G3P.
D. RuBP.

C. G3P.

The Calvin cycle reactions are dependent upon a supply of

A. water and carbon dioxide.
B. carbon dioxide and NADPH.
C. carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP.
D. glucose and carbon dioxide.

C. carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP.

NADPH and ATP are used in the

A. noncyclic electron pathway.
B. Calvin cycle reactions.
C. citric acid cycle.
D. light reactions.

B. Calvin cycle reactions.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

A. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in plant cells.
B. Both processes produce ATP by chemiosmosis.
C. Both processes produce oxygen.
D. Both processes use an electron transport chain located in membranes of organelles.

C. Both processes produce oxygen.

Which statement about photosynthesis and cellular respiration is TRUE?

A. Photosynthesis produces oxygen, while cellular respiration uses oxygen.
B. Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, while cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts.
C. Photosynthesis breaks down carbohydrates, while cellular respiration produces carbohydrates.
D. Photosynthesis requires oxygen, while cellular respiration requires sunlight

A. Photosynthesis produces oxygen, while cellular respiration uses oxygen.

Which of the following statements is false?

A. During cellular respiration, carbohydrate energy is converted into ATP.
B. During cellular respiration, mitochondria release carbon dioxide.
C. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is used.
D. During photosynthesis, oxygen is used.

D. During photosynthesis, oxygen is used.

What are the two sets of reactions for photosynthesis?

A. light reactions, Calvin cycle reactions
B. light reactions, glycolysis
C. Calvin cycle reactions, citric acid cycle
D. electron transport chain, light reactions

A. light reactions, Calvin cycle reactions

The substance that initially traps solar energy in photosynthesis is

A. chlorophyll.
B. RuBP.
C. water.
D. glucose.
E. pyruvate.

A. chlorophyll.

In order to tell the source of particular atoms that take part in a metabolic pathway, sometimes radiolabeled molecules are used. These are molecules in which one atom or element has been replaced with its radioactive isotope. Which molecule would you need to radioactively label in order to produce radioactive oxygen during photosynthesis?

A. carbon dioxide
B. water
C. glucose
D. G3P

B. water

The light reactions could be viewed as analogous to a hydro-electric dam. In that case, the wall of the dam that holds back the water would be analogous to…

A. the thylakoid membrane.
B. hydrogen ions (protons).
C. the thylakoid space.
D. sunlight.
E. ATP synthase.

A. the thylakoid membrane.

The light reactions could be viewed as analogous to a hydro-electric dam. In that case, the water stored in the reservoir above the dam would be analogous to…

A. the thylakoid membrane.
B. hydrogen ions (protons).
C. the thylakoid space.
D. sunlight.
E. ATP synthase.

B. hydrogen ions (protons).

The image above is a representation of

A. the light reactions.
B. the calvin cycle.
C. electron transport in respiration.
D. the breakdown of ATP to ADP + P.

A. the light reactions.

Imagine starting in the innermost space of the chloroplast and moving outward until leaving the chloroplast and entering the cytoplasm. What is the starting points an proper order of things you would move through?

A. thylakoid space - thylakoid membrane - stroma - inner membrane - outer membrane
B. stroma - inner membrane - thylakoid space - thylakoid membrane - outer membrane
C. stroma - inner membrane - thylakoid membrane - thylakoid space - outer membrane
D. matrix - inner membrane - intermemebrane space - outer membrane

A. thylakoid space - thylakoid membrane - stroma - inner membrane - outer membrane

The innermost membrane of the chloroplast is referred to as the

A. thylakoid membrane.
B. inner membrane.
C. cristae.
D. stroma.

A. thylakoid membrane.

What is the name of the enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide during photosynthesis?

A. RuBP Carboxylase
B. Photosystem II
C. NADPH
D. ATP Synthase

A. RuBP Carboxylase

Chlororplasts are green because chlorophyll absorbs green light.

A. True
B. False

B. False

In the image above water is being broken into hydrogen and oxygen at the point represented by letter

A. A.
B. F.
C. H.
D. C.

A. A.

In the image above the stroma is represented by the letter

A. E.
B. D.
C. H.
D. G.

A. E.

In the image above the thylakoid space is represented by the letter

A. E.
B. D.
C. H.
D. G.

B. D.

In the image above photosystem 2 is represented by the letter

A. E.
B. D.
C. H.
D. G.

D. G.

CHAPTER 23

CHAPTER 23

Alternative forms of a gene that influence the same trait and are found at the same location in homologous chromosomes are called

A. alleles.
B. phenotypes.
C. genotypes.
D. incomplete dominance.

A. alleles.

Which of the following represents the physical characteristics of the individual?

A. phenotype
B. genotype
C. alleles
D. dominance

A. phenotype

What are alleles?

A. genes for different traits, such as hair color and eye color
B. alternative forms of a gene for a single trait, such as blue eyes or brown eyes
C. the locations of genes on a chromosome
D. recessive forms of a kind of characteristic carried by genes

B. alternative forms of a gene for a single trait, such as blue eyes or brown eyes

The _____ indicates the gene combination of an individual.

A. phenotype
B. loci
C. genotype
D. homozygous

C. genotype

Which of the following is NOT correct concerning the law of independent assortment?

A. It is based upon the process of meiosis.
B. Each pair of factors separates independently.
C. All possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes.
D. It follows the observation that all maternal chromosomes end up in the egg.

D. It follows the observation that all maternal chromosomes end up in the egg.

Which is NOT true according to Mendel's law of segregation?

A. Each individual contains two alleles for each trait.
B. An individual can have either both dominant alleles, both recessive alleles, or a dominant and recessive allele.
C. Alleles separate from each other during gamete formation.
D. Each gamete contains one copy of each allele.
E. Fertilization restores the presence of two alleles.

B. An individual can have either both dominant alleles, both recessive alleles, or a dominant and recessive allele.

Mendel's law of segregation implies that the two members of an allele pair

A. are distributed to separate gametes.
B. are distributed to the same gamete.
C. are assorted dependently.
D. are segregated pairwise.

A. are distributed to separate gametes.

In a Mendelian monohybrid cross involving two homozygous genotypes, the ____ generation is always completely heterozygous.

A. F1
B. F2
C. P
D. P2

A. F1

What will the genotypic ratio be of a monohybrid cross of two individuals who are both heterozygous for a trait? Use the link in the instructions to an online Punnet square frame.

A. 100% homozygous dominant
B. 50% homozygous dominant, 50% homozygous recessive
C. 25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive
D. 50% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous

C. 25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive

A pheasant breeder starts with two birds in the P generation, one of which is AA and the other is aa. If he takes two of the birds from the F1 generation and breeds them together, what can he expect in his F2 offspring?

A. AA and Aa.
B. Aa and aa.
C. AA, Aa, and aa.
D. Aa only.

C. AA, Aa, and aa.

A woman who can roll her tongue (presumably dominant) is married to a man who cannot. Two of their four children can roll their tongues and two cannot. If A = roll tongue and a = cannot roll tongue, then what is the genotype of the parents?

A. woman Aa; man Aa
B. woman AA; man aa
C. woman Aa; man AA
D. woman Aa; man aa

D. woman Aa; man aa

Some plants fail to produce chlorophyll, due to a recessive trait. If we locate a pea plant that is heterozygous for this trait, self-pollinate it, and harvest the seeds, what are the likely phenotypes of the resulting offspring?

A. All will be green with chlorophyll since that is the dominant trait.
B. About one-half will be green and one-half white since that is the distribution of the genes in the parents.
C. About one-fourth will be white and three-fourths green since it is similar to a monohybrid cross.
D. About one-fourth will be green and three-fourths white since it is similar to a monohybrid cross.

C. About one-fourth will be white and three-fourths green since it is similar to a monohybrid cross.

. A cross is made between two parents with genotypes AaBB and aabb. If there are 32 offspring, how many of them would be expected to exhibit both dominant characteristics?

A. 32
B. 24
C. 16
D. 8
E. 0

C. 16

. In guinea pigs, B = black, b = brown, S = short hair, s = long hair. A heterozygous black, short-haired animal reproduces with a brown, long-haired animal. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

A. 1 black short hair, 1 black long hair, 1 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair
B. 9 black short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown long hair, 1 brown short hair
C. 9 black short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair
D. 9 black short hair, 6 black long hair, 3 brown long hair, 1 brown short hair

A. 1 black short hair, 1 black long hair, 1 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair

. In humans, aniridia, a type of blindness, is due to a dominant allele A. Migraine headaches are due to another dominant allele M. If a man who suffers from both conditions (AaMm) marries a woman who suffers from both (AaMm), what are the chances of an offspring expressing both traits.

A. 9/16
B. 3/16
C. 1/2
D. 1/16

A. 9/16

In which kind of cross could you expect to find ratios of 1:1:1:1 among the offspring?

A. monohybrid cross
B. dihybrid cross
C. one-trait test cross
D. two-trait test cross

D. two-trait test cross

In guinea pigs, B = black, b = brown, S = short hair, s = long hair. Two heterozygous individuals reproduce. The expected results are

A. 9 black long hair, 3 black short hair, 3 brown long hair, 1 brown short hair.
B. 9 black short hair, 6 black long hair, 3 brown long hair, 1 black short hair.
C. 9 black short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair.
D. 9 brown short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown long hair, 1 black short hair.

C. 9 black short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair.

What genetic disorder is associated with the lack of an enzyme necessary for the normal metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine?

A. phenylketonuria (PKU)
B. Huntington disease
C. sickle cell disease
D. cystic fibrosis (CF)

A. phenylketonuria (PKU)

. Which genetic disorder is associated with an irregular shape of the red blood cells?

A. sickle cell disease
B. Marfan syndrome
C. Huntington disease
D. cystic fibrosis (CF)

A. sickle cell disease

What are the chances that two individuals with wavy hair (an incomplete trait) will have a curly-haired child? Curly hair and straight hair exhibit incomplete dominance.

A. none
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%

B. 25%

. The four o'clock flower is an example of incomplete dominance: R = red, r = white, and Rr = pink. If two hybrids are crossed, what are the chances that an offspring will have pink flowers?

A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
E. 100%

C. 50%

Traits that are controlled by several sets or pairs of alleles, such as skin color and height in humans, are the result of what form of inheritance?

A. polygenic
B. incomplete dominance
C. simple Mendelian inheritance
D. codominance

A. polygenic

Which of the following is an example of the blending of phenotypes?

A. codominance
B. polygenic inheritance
C. simple Mendelian inheritance
D. incomplete dominance

D. incomplete dominance

You have two true-breeding rose bushes, one with red flowers and one with white flowers. A cross between these two roses yields a bush with pink flowers. What condition does this demonstrate?

A. codominance
B. incomplete dominance
C. environmental effects
D. polygenetic inheritance

B. incomplete dominance

When two or more genes with multiple alleles affect the same trait in an additive fashion, it is termed

A. a double-trait cross.
B. codominant.
C. incomplete dominance.
D. polygenic inheritance.

D. polygenic inheritance.

. You have two true-breeding rose bushes, one with red flowers and one with white flowers. A cross between these two roses yields a bush with white flowers that have red splotches. What condition does this demonstrate?

A. codominance
B. incomplete dominance
C. environmental effects
D. polygenetic inheritance
E. monohybrid inheritance

A. codominance

Cold weather can change the ______ of a Himalayan rabbit.

A. genotype
B. phenotype
C. alleles
D. sex

B. phenotype

Hydrangeas are a flowering plant with large showy blooms. When a plant is grown in aluminum-rich soil it has blue flowers. If the same plant is transplanted into soil that is lacking aluminum, the flowers produced will be pink. This is an example of

A. codominance.
B. incomplete dominance.
C. environmental effects.
D. polygenetic inheritance.

C. environmental effects.

In peas, yellow is dominant over green in seeds. With which of these is it best to cross a yellow-seeded pea plant to determine whether it is homozygous or heterozygous?

A. a green-seeded plant
B. a heterozygous yellow-seeded plant
C. a pure yellow-seeded plant
D. a heterozygous yellow-seeded plant or a pure yellow-seeded plant

A. a green-seeded plant

CHAPTER 24

CHAPTER 24

Principles of Biology Chapter 24 Questions
1. The location of a gene on a chromosome is called

A. a locus.
B. a linkage map.
C. a linkage group.
D. an allele.

A. a locus.

Considering that males can have Klinefelter (XXY) syndrome, XYY, and normal XY chromosomal combinations, and females can have Turner (XO) syndrome, poly-X (XXX, XXXX), and normal XX combinations, it is obvious that

A. maleness results from the presence of only one X chromosome.
B. maleness results from the absence of two or more X chromosomes.
C. maleness results from the minimal presence of one Y chromosome.
D. femaleness results from the presence of two or more X chromosomes.

C. maleness results from the minimal presence of one Y chromosome.

Genes on the ___ chromosome determine if the sex of a child will be male or female.

A. X
B. Y
C. 21st
D. 5th

B. Y

A normal male marries a color-blind woman. What percent of their female children will be color-blind?

A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
E. 100%

A. 0%

Color-blindness is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. A male who is color-blind marries a heterozygous woman. What percent of their total children will be color-blind?

A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
E. 100%

C. 50%

A color-blind (recessive trait) woman will pass the allele to

A. her sons only.
B. all her children.
C. her daughters only.
D. none of her children.
E. her husband.

B. all her children.

If a woman is a carrier for the color-blind recessive allele and her husband has normal vision, what are their chances that a son will be color-blind?

A. None, because the father is normal.
B. 50%, since the mother is only a carrier.
C. 100% because the mother has the gene.
D. 25% because the mother is a hybrid.
E. None since the son will also be just a carrier.

B. 50%, since the mother is only a carrier.

Which of the following sex-linked diseases is characterized by the absence of a clotting factor?

A. hemophilia
B. color-blindness
C. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
D. None of the answer choices is true.

A. hemophilia

Which refers to the loss of a complete chromosome?

A. inversion
B. translocation
C. deletion
D. monosomy

D. monosomy

A person who has an extra copy of a chromosome is said to have

A. monosomy.
B. trisomy.
C. nondisjunction.
D. duplication.

B. trisomy.