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aesthetic reading
Reading to experience the world of the text
complex sentence
A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
compound-complex sentence
A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
compound sentence
A sentence with two or more independent clauses.
compound subject
The construction in which two or more nouns, noun phrases, or noun clauses constitute the grammatical subject of a clause.
conflict
The struggle of characters with themselves, with others, or with the world around them
connotation
The implied meaning of a word, in contrast to its directly expressed "dictionary meaning."
context
The convergence of time, place, audience, and motivating factors in which a piece of writing or a speech is situated
contradiction
One of the types of rhetorical invention included under the common topic of relationships. Contradiction urges the speaker or writer to invent an example or a proof that is counter to the main idea or argument.
data (as evidence)
Facts, statistics, and examples that a speaker or writer offers in support of a claim, generalization, or conclusion.
deductive reasoning
Reasoning that begins with a general principle and concludes with a specific instance that demonstrates the general principle.
delivery
The presentation and format of a composition.
denotation
The "dictionary definition" of a word, in contrast to its implied meaning
diction
Word choice, which is viewed on scales of formality/ informality, concreteness/abstraction, derivation, and denotative/connotative value
double entendre
The double (or multiple) meanings of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous.
effect
The emotional or psychological impact a text has on a reader or listener
efferent reading
Reading to garner information from a text. Reading to "take away" particular bits of information. Here, the reader is not interested in the rhythms of the language or the prose style but is focused on obtaining a piece of information.
allegory
A piece of visual or narrative media uses one thing to âstand in forâ a different, hidden idea. Itâs a little bit like an algebraic equation, like y = 2x, but in the form of art. Like in algebra, when we talk about meaning in allegory, we have two different variables weâre thinking about, but we donât call them X and Y. Instead, we call them the tenor and the vehicle. A âtenorâ is the âhiddenâ concept, object, idea, or ulterior meaning; and the âvehicleâ is the word, image, or narrative in the story that âcarriesâ it.
alliteration
The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning or in the middle of two or more adjacent words.
allusion
A reference to a written or spoken text to another text or to some particular body of knowledge
anadiplosis
The repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause.
anaphora
The repetition of a group of words at the beginning of successive clauses.
anecdote
A brief narrative offered in a text to capture the audience's attention or to support a generalization or claim
anticipated objection
The technique a writer or speaker uses in an argumentative text to address and answer objections, even though the audience has not had the opportunity to voice these objections.
antimetabole
The repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order-for example, "You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy."
antithesis
The juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas, often in parallel structure-for example, "Place your virtues on a pedestal; put your vices under a rock.â
anthimeria
The substitution of one part of speech for another-for example, "The poet says we 'milestone our lives."' or âThe little old lady turtled down the road.â
apologist
A person or character who makes a case for some controversial, even contentious, position.
apology
An elaborate statement justifying some controversial, even contentious,position.
appeal to authority
In a text, the reference to words, action, or beliefs of a person in authority as a means of supporting a claim, generalization, or conclusion.
appositive
A noun or noun phrase that follows another noun immediately or defines or amplifies its meaning.
argument
A carefully constructed, well-supported representation of how a writer sees an issue, problem, or subject
arrangement
In a spoken or written text, the placement of ideas for effect.
assonance
The repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words.
assumption
An opinion, a perspective, or a belief that a writer or speaker thinks the audience holds.
asyndeton
The omission of conjunctions between related clauses-for example, "I came, I saw, I conquered."
attitude
the manner in which an action is carried out.
audience
The person or persons who listen to a spoken text or read a written one and are capable of responding to it.
begging of the question
The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept.
claim
The ultimate conclusion, generalization, or point that a syllogism or enthymeme expresses. The point, backed up by support, of an argument.
ellipsis
The omission of words, the meaning of which is provided by the overall context of a passage
enthymeme
Logical reasoning with one premise left unstated
epistrophe
The repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses-for example, "They saw no evil, they spoke no evil, and they heard no evil."
epithet
A word or phrase adding a characteristic to a person's name-for example, "Richard the Lion-Hearted."
euphemism
An indirect expression of unpleasant information in such a way to lessen its impact--for example, saying a personâs position was eliminated rather than saying the person was fired
ethos
The appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.
evidence
The facts, statistics, anecdotes and examples that a speaker or writer offers in support of a claim, generalization, or conclusion.
extended analogy
An extended passage arguing that if two things are similar in one or two ways, they are probably similar in other ways as well
extended example
An example that is carried through several sentences or paragraphs.
fable
A narrative in which fictional characters often animals take actions that have ethical or moral significance
generalization
A point that a speaker or writer generates on the basis of considering a number of particular examples
genre
A piece of writing classified by type-for example, letter, narrative, eulogy, or editorial
heuristic
A systematic strategy or method for solving problems
hyperbole
An exaggeration for effect.
image
A passage of text that evokes sensation or emotional intensity.
imagery
Language that evokes particular sensations or emotionally rich experiences in a reader
implied metaphor
A metaphor embedded in a sentence rather than expressed directly as a sentence. For example, His voice cascaded through the hallwaysâ contains an implied metaphor; âHis voice was a cascade of emotionâ contains a direct metaphor
inductive reasoning
Reasoning that begins by citing a number of specific instances or examples and then shows how collectively they constitute a general principle
inference
A conclusion that a reader or listener reaches by means of their own thinking rather than by being told directly by a text
jargon
The specialized vocabulary of a particular group
irony
Writing or speaking that implies the contrary of what is actually written or spoken.