sociology

sociology

sociology

study of organization + development of society
study of interation, relationships, socializtion and collective behaviour of its memebrs

society

group of people who live in the same area, interact and share a culture

culture

groups’s shared practive, values, beliefs and norms

socioloy also looks at

• social group

• social change

• social problems

• social organizations —> instiutions

• social behavious

• social interation

• social structures

structural functionalism

societ’s instiutions must work together in order for the whole society to run smoothly

everything has a role to play

social arrangements exist to benifit society

eg. women are paid less because a group has to be exploited to make profit

eg. school’s main goal should be preparing children for the workorce/society

conflict theory

society is shaped by conflict between different group for power

order in maintained by domination

karl max

• society is based on competition for wealth and power

• conflict between groups creates isolation

  • leads to change

eg. women earn less because men are in the position of wealth and power and don’t want to let go of that

eg. school’s main goal should be to get rid of power imbalance

feminist sociology

society is made to favour men

women are in powerless postitiosn and can’t speak out due to the ideas imposed on them

norms, values and symols are patriarchal

symbolic interactionism

micro level

labels

human behaviour relfects the meaning people give to a situation —> subjective

eg women are paid less becasue the idea of caregiver and housework is assigned to themmen get assigned the “breadwinner” role

eg. school’s main goal should be geting rid of bad labels

looking glass self

1. we imagine how others see us

2. we imagine how they judge us based on how we think they see us

3. we devlo ourself based on that judgement

socialzation

process of learning the attidutes, vaules and behaviours nessacary for society

agents of socialization

school, families, work, friends, media etc

primary socialization

learning basic skills needed for society

eg. talking

secondary socialization

learning how to behave in group situations

eg. manners, not talking loudly on bus, how to act in school etc

anticipatory socialization

learning how to plan the way we behave in new situations

eg. first day of school

re-socialization

changing old behaviours → new, acceptable behaviors

eg. smoking

primary agents of socilization

first educator

secondary agensts of socialization

process of learning over time

• instiutions help individuals find their place in society

gender polarization

divide people into dramaticized groups

gender expectations

boy are interperted with “masculine” traits like anger

girls are interperted with “femmine” traits like fear

normative male

everything is measured against the male —. everyone else is abormal

gender representation

media develops and enforces gender stereotypes

women are underrepresented

social roles

expectations that are attached to particular social positions

role theory (gender roles)

we are taught from birth how to behave according to our gender based on accepted norms of masculine and feminine

racism

judgement, assumtions and actions towards a group based on the belief that one race is better than another

sexism

behaviours based on ideals od gender roles and discrimination based on sex

classism

discrimination based people according to their soci-economic level

ableism

discrimination beased on the assumption of being able-bodied

aseism

disrimination based on age

homophobia

discrimination based on fear of homsexuality

overt discrimination

intention action against individual or group

e. hate crime, employer refusing to hire omeone becasue they are a women

systemic discrimination

subtle and unintentional discrimination against a person or group

eg. ppl in wheelchair might have to decline a job because the building is no wheelchair friendly

eg. crayon colours

learned theory

prejudice is accquired, often learned through parent’s behaviour and media

competition theory

ecnomic crisis —> blame is put on immigrants

unemployed thinking thye “stole” their jobs

sense of competition created beween groups

people believe economic crisis is happening because immigration puts stress onsocial and health services

eg. railroad building

frustration-aggression theory

individual’s frustration from their own shortcomings is blamed on others

thye use others as a scapegoat, believing that they are resonsible of holding them back

eg. montreal massacre

poor child stealing money from richer chid after grwoing resentful

ignorance theory

refusing to learn about another group —> view their customs as odd —> leads to discrimination —> they make judgemnts based on their own culture and consider their culture to be superior

dyad

two member group

informal group

less intimate gathering where member’s actions are not governed by specific rules

i.e neighbours

primary group

small group where memebers have personal relationships with each other

• members are deeply invested in each other

• power to persuage, with a certain deggress of conformity

(close friend group)

secondary group

impersonal/formal gathering —> individual’s role is measured by their contribution to a common goal

usually large

virtual community

individuals that communication over the internet

primary funtion is communication

like minded

creates dependancy among members

gang

group of ppl associating for crminal purposes

memebrs hold speciic roles

rule follwoing and loyality

provideds identity and sense of power

sanctions

rewards or punishments that encourage or discourage certain behaviours

eg. too mny absences gets you kicked out a course

collective behaviour

collection of people who have come together for a specific purpose

social behaviour by large group that doesn’t reflect exsting rules of society

where establish norms are unclear

convergence theory

large group comes together —> collective action —> individuals are protected by others wit hteh same ideas

—> common enemy

rational decision theory

casual crowd

loose connection, people react very little with each other

bystader apathy —> unwilligness of memebrs to get involved when help is needed (eg. hep during rush at GO station)

big cities

conventional crowed

group of ppl that have gathered for a specific event

confomrs to norms

eg. concert

expressive crowd

people that gather at events that have emotional appeal

something exciting might happend —> large numebrs —> added excitment

eg. rap battle?

acting crowd

fueled by specific purpose (social or political goal)

think in simple terms

mob: highly emotional crowd —> purses violence

mass behaviour

people not in the same geo area engaging in collevtive behaviour

rpersonal communication between individuals —> gossip,public opinion, panic, fashsion and fad

conformity

individual will cahgne or alter their thoughts. feeligns and bhaviour to meed expectations —> avoid trouble or punishment

eg. Asch experiment —> changing answer based on what others said to avoid discomfort or believing they must be wrong

eg. milgram experiment —> people abandon/ignore their morals in the face of authority

instrumental leadership

oraganizes a group n pursuit of certain goals

—> defines and determines who to achieve goals

eg. organization leaders

expressive leadership

creates harmony among group members

auhoritarian leaders

simply gives orders —> help in emergencies

democrative leaders

attempt to win consensus on goals/actions

—> groups memebers learn to to take responsibility for ations

laissez-faire leaders

make little effort to direct

—> group functions on its own

leader

someone is consistenly ble to influence others

social movement

collective behaviour by people who are promoting or resisting some sort of change

longer lasting and organized

deprivation theory

people are deprived in some way —> social movement to end grievances

eg. women’s right, BLM etc

mass society theory

people who feel socially insignificant

provides these ppl with a sense of belonging and importance

dictators can mainpulate them to extermest views

eg. neo nazi parties

social concern theory

social insitution is threatend by change

eg. cuts to healthcare and education funding

structural strain theory

movements aimed at bringing fundamental change to society

plan of action to solve

socail control breaks down from pressure of change