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What allowed Europeans to venture long distances on the ocean?
Various inventions allowed Europeans to participate in maritime voyage.
What are some examples of inventions from different countries that spread through cross cultural interaction that helped facilitate trade?
the magnetic compass from china, the astrolabe from the Islamic world, and advanced ship designs like the caravel from Portugal.
What is cartography?
The art and science of map-making, which improved navigation and exploration during the Age of Discovery.
How did demographic pressures push Europeans into exploration and trade?
population growth led to competition for food and work, which led to people to settle in new areas and seek out adventure and resources. People left their homeland in search of work, food, land, tolerance, and adventure.
what were the motives of Europeans in becoming active in traveling through the Indian ocean?
Europeans longed for wealth and to find new converts for their faith.
What was a major issue for Europeans in Indian Ocean trade?
A major issue was competition from Middle Eastern traders, specifically from Oman who would set up trading ports in the same spots. This caused something called the Omani European Rivalry.
How did the Omani European Rivalry impact Christopher Columbus’ exploration?
It motivated Christopher Columbus to find a new route to India.
How did Columbus voyages impact connection between people across the Atlantic Ocean?
His explorations caused European traders to become middlemen between Afro Eurasia and the Americas.
How did trade in the Indian Ocean impact European countries?
It caused Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland to become maritime empires meaning they are based on sea travel.
How did western european countries (portugal spain england) combine 2 different cultures to develop their sea technology?
They combined greek traditions of sailing using stars to navigate with Islamic and Asian scholar knowledge on shipbuilding and navigation techniques.
What was Al Andalus?
Al Andalus was a place in Europe where Islamic Ideas would diffuse into Europe.
What was Prince Henry the Navigator’s impact on developments in maritime tech?
Although he never got far enough out to sea, he was a strong patron to sea exploration. An example of this was his financing towards voyages along Africas atlantic coast.
How did Prince Henry’s financing greatly benefit portugal?
It led Portugal to be the first country to explore Africa.
What was the reason for European states to go on conquests?
conquests brought new wealth to states through collecting taxes and new trading opportunities. It also brought material wealth specifically in silver. Additionally the states saw it as their duty to expand their religion specifically christianity.
What was a motive of european states
expand their authority and control of resources in order to build their empire
Why did states need to fund the voyages?
The voyages such as Columbuses were too expensive and needed a greater source of financial support such as those from the state. Additionally since religion was woven into the government the states saw it as a religious obligation to seek expansion.
In the 17th century how did European states measure wealth?
Based on how much gold and silver it accumulated
what is mercantilism?
countries set policies in order to sell as many goods as they could to other countries and buy as little as possible in order to maximize the amount of gold and silver accumulated.
How was Prince Henry the Navigator benefit Portugals maritime efforts in Africa?
He was a European monarch but also explorer at the same time, and he was searching for a route to India as well as Africa directly. Under him, portugal began importing enslaved africans by sea.
How did Vasco Da Gama benefit Portugals maritime efforts in India?
he landed in India and claimed it as Portugal territory. The portuguese ports in India were a key step in expanding Portugals trade in the India ocean.
What was an advantage of Portugal in conquering ports?
Their superior ships and weapons were unmatched for other Europeans. As a result of this advantage Portugal had already won control over both the African and Indian coasts.
What was Portugals goal in China
The portuguese had little impact in Chinese society at first, but the goal was to convert as many people as possible.
Which missionary group was the most successful in their efforts in China?
The Jesuits such as Matteo Ricci were quite successful due to their knowledge in science and studies but failed to win many converts due to the hostile scholar population who considered them to be barbarians.
Where were some of the major ports Portugal controlled?
Goa in western India, Malacca on the Malay peninsula, and Hormuz on the Persian gulf.
What was the goal of fort construction for Portugal?
the goal was to establish a monopoly (complete control of a market) over spice trade in the area and to license all vessels trading between Malacca and Hormuz. The portuguese also restricted Indian Ocean trade to those who were willing to buy permits.
How did Portugals size affect its success in global trade?
Since portugal was a small country in itself, Portugal lacked the workers and ships necessary for a large trading empire. Many portuguese merchants ignored their government and traded independently, and corruption among government officials caused issues as well.
How did Dutch and English rivals challenge portuguese control?
The dutch captured malacca and attempted to monopolize spice trade as portugal once did. as a result the english decided to focus on india pushing the portuguese out of south asia.
Which nation was the first to circumnavigate the globe?
Spain led by Ferdinand Magellan led a fleet that made it around the world.
What empires did the Spanish come into contact with in the Americas, making the Americas very sought after?
The aztecs and the incas since they were rich in gold and silver, and Europeans also realized that they could use native americans as slaves for crop farming.
Who was a major consumer for silver goods?
China. they even made silver the main form of currency in the early 17th century.
What was the northwest passage?
a route through or around north america that would lead to East Asia and the precious trade in spices and luxury goods. It was very sought after from French English and Dutch explorers
what did Jacques Cartier do
he was looking for the northwest passage but did not find a new route instead claimed part of what is now Canada for France.
What was Quebec and how was it important for France in trade?
It was located on the St. Lawrence River near Canada and was rich in furs and natural resources.
Why did the French have a better relationship with Native Americans than Spanish and English colonists?
because the French rarely settled permanently and traded for furs with Natives instead of demanding their land. as a result of this their settlement grew more slowly.
What did John Cabot do?
He was searching for the northwest passage but ended up claiming lands from Newfoundland south to the chesapeake bay.
What was a disadvantage of English voyagers?
They did not have enough boats compared to other forces such as Spanish. surprisingly enough the English defeated all but 1/3 of the Spanish armada and began competing for land and resource in the americas.
What was Jamestown?
In virginia it was the firsttime the English established a successful colony. The first colonies in the US were spanish settlements in Florida and New Mexico.
Who was Henry Hudson?
A dutch explorer who explored the east coast of north america. He sailed up the hudson river in search of a northwest passage but failed. Although unsuccessful he helped the Dutch claim the hudson river and the island of manhattan. the community settled in New amsterdam which is todays new york city.
How was new amsterdam important for the dutch
important because it allowed the dutch to participate in trade network.
what is the columbian exchange?
interactions between indigenous American, European, and African cultures sharing disease food and animals.
What made Native Americans so susceptible to disease?
Since the people of the split hemispheres were so isolated from each other, indigenous people had no exposure and no immunity to germs and diseases brought by europeans.
What is a conquistador?
a spanish soldier. EX: Hernan Cortez or Fransisco Pizarro.
What were major diseases brought to the Americas?
Smallpox, malaria, flu, measles
what percentage of the population was lost due to disease for Native Americans?
over 50 percent through disease alone. Some american lands lost up to 90 percent of their original populations.
How did the introduction of pigs and cows by europeans greatly affect the people of Mexico?
It led to them being a staple in the American diet?
How did the horse greatly impact the lives of American Indians?
It allowed Indians to hunt buffalo efficiently so they had more food. Unfortunately it led to competition and armed conflict to increase among tribes.
How did the introduction of corn potatioes tomatoes beans and peppers impact European life?
Potatoes became so popular and they caused tremendous population growth in Europe.
What were 2 outcomes of the coerced arrival of enslaved Africans to the Americas?
They introduced okra and rice with them to the Americas. They also produced Tobacco and Cacao which were sold to consumers in Europe Africa and the Middle East. Also population grew in Africa as a result of the exchange of slaves for food sources with brazil.
How did sugar cultivation in Brazil cause slave trade to flourish?
Due to disease within indigenous populations, the workers in Brazil were insufficient to complete work causing Brazil to import slaves from the Kongo Kingdom and cities on the swahili coast.
what is a cash crop?
a crop grown for sale rather than food. the spanish noticed Portugals success with plantation agriculture and returned to the carribean in search of cash crops such as sugar and tobacco. Sugar soon became more popular as a moneymaker than silver.
what was the African Diaspora?
dispersion of Africans out of Africa.
what was Creole?
a mix of european colonizers languages with parts of west african components due to the forced isolation of their cultures.
what were all the types of crops brought from the eastern to western hemisphere (old to new world) and their effects on the new world?
sugar, wheat, barley, okra, rice, orange, grapes, lettuce, coffee. Effects include deforestation to make way for the crops and soil depletion.
what were the types of animals that went from old to new world and their effects on the new world?
horses, oxen, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, mosquitoes, rats, and chickens. Effects include overgrazing, soil erosion, and spread of disease
what were the people that went from old to new world and their effects on the new world?
europeans and africans. Their effects include racial diversity, slavery, and social structures based on race.
what were the types of diseases that went from old to new world and their effects on the new world?
smallpox, measles, typhus, bubonic plague, influenza. caused millions of deaths among native americans
what were the types of crops that went from new to old world and their effects on the old world?
potatoes, corn, manioc, tobacco, cacao, and peanuts. their effects were better nutrition, increased population, and greater wealth.
what were the types of animals that went from new to old world and their effects on the old world?
turkeys, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs. caused a more diverse diet and textiles.
what were the types of diseases and people that went from new to old world and their effects on the old world?
syphilis which increased health risks, and native americans which caused ethnic diversity.
what was indentured servitude?
arrangements through which servants contracted to work for a specified period of years in exchange for passage
what was chattel slavery?
a system in which individuals were considered property to be bought and sold
What came as a result to Portuguese traders establishing posts along africas coasts?
Local rulers traded enslaved people to the europeans in exchange for gunpowder and cannons giving those an advantage in military.
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