Brain Behavior & Cognition - Brain Structure and Function (Part 1)

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions related to brain structure and function.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

All parts of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord.

Somatic System

Links the spinal cord with the body and sense organs; controls voluntary behavior.

Autonomic System

Serves internal organs and glands; controls automatic/involuntary functions.

Sympathetic System

Division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.

Parasympathetic System

Division of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy and is active in 'rest and digest' states.

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that activates the sympathetic adrenal-medullary system.

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

A hormone released from the adrenal medulla that increases energy metabolism and prepares the body for action.

Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)

A neurotransmitter that increases heart rate and blood pressure and works along with epinephrine.

Reflex Arc

The pathway involved in a reflex action; includes sensory input, processing, and motor output.

Grey Matter

The inner layer of the spinal cord, containing neuronal cell bodies.

White Matter

The outer layer of the spinal cord, consisting of myelinated axons.

Anterior/Rostral

Refers to the front or forward part of the nervous system anatomy.

Posterior/Caudal

Refers to the back or rear part of the nervous system anatomy.

Ventral

Referring to the underside or toward the stomach; in the context of the nervous system, it means toward the front of the spinal cord.

Dorsal

Referring to the upper side or back; in the context of the nervous system, it means toward the back of the spinal cord.

Tetraplegia

Paralysis affecting all four limbs, resulting from injury higher in the spinal cord.

Paraplegia

Paralysis affecting the lower body and legs, resulting from injury lower in the spinal cord.