History- FinalExam

George Washingtons Presidency

The first US presidency, marked by key precedents and establishing the new federal government

Judiciary Act of 1789

A law that established the structure and jurisdiction of the federal court system and created the position of Attorney General

Washington’s Cabinet

A group of presidential advisors,including heads of executive departments like State, Treasury, and War, first formed under Washington

Alexander Hamilton

Washingtons secretary of the treasury who created a financial plan to stabilize the US economy and strengthen federal power

Financial Plan

Hamilton economic program including federal assumptions of state debt, a national bank, and support for manufacturing through tariffs

Thomas Jefferson

Wahsingtons secratary of state and leader of the republican opposition to hamiltion policies

Federalists

A political party led by hamiltonn that favored a strong central government and close ties with britian

Republicans

A political party led by jefferson that supported states rights and sympathizes with revolutionary france

Whiskey rebellion

a 1794 upsprising by pennsylvania farmers against a whiskey tax, crushed by washinton to show federal power

French revolution

a violent revolution in france beginning in 1789 that divided American opinion and influenced foreign policy

Pickneys Treaty

A 1795 treaty with spain that gave Americans navigation rights on the mississippi river and access to new orleans

Farwell Adress

Washingtons 1796 letter advising the U.S. to avoid political parties and permanent foreign alliences

John Adams

elecyed the second US president in 1796, leading during a time of political tensions and foreign conflict

XYZ Affairs

Adiplomatic scandal in which french officials demanded bribes from US diplomates, sparking anti-French sentiment America

Alien Act

A law that allowed the president to deport non-citizens considered dangerous and made it harder for immigrants to become citizens

Sedition Act

a law that made it illegal to criticize the government, targeting opposition form democratic-republican

Nullfication Crisis

A conflict over states rights in which South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tarrifs

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Political statement arguing that states could declare federal laws unconstuitutional, written in response to the lien and Sedition Act

the election of 1800

thomas jefferson won the presidency after a tie with Aaron Burr, decided by the house of Representatives

Alexander Hamilton/Aaron Burr

Hamilton helped jefferson win the presdency over Burr, leading to increased tensions and eventully a fatal duel where burr killed hamilton

jeffeson reducing government

Jefferson cut federal government spending, reduced the military, and aimed to shrink the power of the federal government

midnight judges

federalist judges appointed by john adams at the last minute to maintain federalist influence in the judiciary

Marbury vs Madison

A landmark supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review, giving courts the power to declare laws unconstitutional

louisiana Purchase

in 1803, jefferson bought louisiana territory from france, doubling the size of the US and expanding westward

Britian and trade

britain interfered with american trade by seizing ships and blocking ports during its war with france

impressment

the nbritish practice of capturing american sailors and forcing them into the British navy

chesapeake

a us navy ship attacked by a british warship in 1807, increasing tensions between the us and britian

embargo act of 1807

jefferson banned all foreign trade in an attempt to pressure britain and france, but it hurt the US economy instead

Native conflicts

shawnee leader Tecumseh united tribes to resist american expansion into native lands

War Hawks

young congressmen, mostly from the south and west, who pushed form war with britain, leading to the war of 1812

James madison

The 4th us president who led the country during the war of 1812 against britian

Oliver hazard perry

a us naval commander who won the battle of lake erie and boosted american morale

Star-spangled banner

a poem written by francis scott key during the british attack on fort McHenry that later became the us national anthem

White house burned

in 1814, British troops invaded washingotn DC and set fire to the white house and other government buildings

andrew jackson

a generak who became a national hero after defeating the british in the battle of new orleans during the war of 1812

Andrew jackson as president

the 7th us president know for representing the “common man” and expanding presidential power

popularizing politics

jackson increades public participation in politics by appealing to everyday citizens and expanding voting rights to more white men

Regional influence

jackson faced tensions between different US regions, especially over issues like tariffs, state rights, and the national bank

Indian removal act

a law signed by jackson in 1830 that forced native american tribers to move west of the mississippi river

Trail of tears

The forcd march of thousands of native americans, especially the Cherokee, from their homelands to inian territory, resulitng in many deaths

Manifest destiny

the belief that the US was destined to expand acreoss the north american continent from coast to coast

Wilmot proviso

a proposal to ban slavery in any territoy gained from the mexican-american war, which increased tensions between north and south

popular sovereignty

the idea that settlers in a territory should vote to decide whether to allow slavery

missouri compromise

an 1820 agreement that admitted missouri as a slave state and maine as a free state, while banning slavery north of the 36,30 line

Texas

a former mexican territory that became a US state in 1845, contributing to tensions that led to the mexican american war

mexican american war

a conflict from 1846 to 1848 that resulted in the US gaining large territories in the southwest

California

Gained from mexico in 1848, it quickly applied for statehood as a free state, strirring debate over the balance of free and slave states

Compromise of 1850

a law admitting california as a free state and strengthening the fugitive state law to appease the south

kansas nebraska act

a law allowing settlers in kansas and nebraska to decide on slavery by popular sovereignty, effectively repealing the missouri compromise

bleeding kansas

a perikd of vilent conflict between pro and anti-slavery settlers in kansas after kansas-nebraska act

sumner vs brooks

an incident where congressman preston brooks attacked senator charles sumner with a cane over an anti-slavery speech, symbolizing rising tensions

free soilers

a political party that opposed immigration and anti-catholic, gaining popularity in the 1850s

know nothings

a political party that opposed immigration and was anti- catholic gaining popularity in the 1850s

republicans

a new political party formed in the 1850s to oppoe the spread of slavery into western territories

Dred scott

a supreme court decision ruling that enslaved people were property and that congress had no power to ban slavery in territries