PSYC 310-Ch.1-2

Fail-Fast Model

Model that allows for superior ideas to be developed faster while failing ideas are retired - reduces time and cost of failing innovations

Group think

Phenomenon where groups of people prioritize conformity over critical thinking and independent decisions

Psychological safety

Social or work environments that foster comfort and confidence in expression of true self, without fear of consequences

Facts

Generally objective observations of the world that do not change over time

Hypothesis

A directly testable statement

Questions that produce Demarcation problems

- What makes something a science?

- Are there criteria for when a practice is included in the sciences?

Reflective Equilibrium

Model developed by John Rawls for reasoning on ethical issues and ideas of justice

Cognitive flexibility

The mental capacity to shift between different cognitive tasks, strategies, or mental sets, in response to changing demands/situations

Instinctive Drift

When an animal's behavior drifts back to its instinctual behaviors over time, despite training

Contraprepared

The inability to learn behaviors despite conditioning, due to its inconsistency with the person/animal's conventional responses

Insight

The sudden recognition of relationships among elements of a problem

Cognitivism

Is concerned with intellectual events, like problem solving, information processing, thinking, and imagining

Operant Conditioning

Applies to behaviors that aren't elicited by a specific stimuli, but ones that simply occurred and can be controlled via reinforcement

Operant Conditioning

Invokes the Law of Effect

Law of Effect

When the consequences of behavior determine the probability of it reoccurring

Classical Conditioning

Explains learning through automatic and reflexive reactions - appeals to principles of contiguity (closeness)

Reductionism

The belief that everything (thoughts/behaviors/perceptions) is based solely on the organization of neurons/cells in the brain?

Biological psychologist

A psychologist who studies regions of the brain.

- Example: The Hippocampus

Assumptions of Cognitive Psychology

-mental processes exist

-people are active information processors

-mental processes can be studied scientifically

The Biopsychosocial model

Model across the lifespan that integrates the best ideas from various schools of thought

Information

The most valuable commodity in the world

Worldview

A comprehensive framework of one's basic beliefs about things

Introspection

Method developed by Wundt that examines conscious experience

Structuralism

School of thought focused on breaking down conscious experience into its fundamental elements

Functionalism

School of thought which emphasizes the study of how the mind adapts to the environment

The main focus of Ethics

Right and wrong, good and bad

Metaethics

Category of ethics that deals with the fundamental question about its nature

Socrates believed that true wisdom comes to us when...

We realize our limitations in understanding

Attention

Mental processes responsible for selecting/focusing on specific stimuli

Psychology emerged in response to Philosophy's lack of ...

Reproducibility and empiricism

The 3 Major Categories of Normative Ethics

- Consequentialism

- Deontology

- Virtue Ethics

The categorical imperative is a requirement for any rational being regardless of their particular goals

FALSE

Components of Marr's Tri-level Hypothesis of Information Processing

- Physical Level

- Algorithmic Level

- Computation Level

Rule Utilitarianism

Asserts that morality should be assessed by rules that, if followed, would promote the greatest pleasure

Act Utilitarianism

Asserts that morality should be assessed for individual acts and their set of consequences

Wilhelm Wundt studied introspection using scientific methods

True

Marr's Computation level asks what question?

What does the system do?

Marr's Algorithmic level asks what question?

How does the system do what it does?

Marr's Physical level asks what question?

How is the system physically realized?

Everyone has a worldview

True

Major conclusion from Stroop's study

Trained/automatic responses of reading was interfering with identifying the color

Behaviorism

Study of predicting and controlling of behavior - only studying what is observable

Cognitive Psychology

The scientific study of information processing in the mind

Consequentialism

A family of theories that define right action according to its consequences

Thomas Aquinas

Who believed that God revealed himself in the natural world and could be studied in nature

Learning and Memory

Area of cognitive psychology that deals with how information can be encoded, stored, and retrieved

People can share the exact same worldview

False

Atheism

The belief that there is no god or spiritual forces in existence

Philosophical beliefs focus on...

Thoughts concerning fundamental questions

Spiritual beliefs are focused on...

How religion impacts purpose and values

APA's 1st Goal for Psychology students is...

Knowledge base in psych

APA's 2nd Goal for Psychology students is...

Scientific inquiry and critical thinking

APA's 3rd Goal for Psychology students is...

Ethical/social responsibility in a diverse world

APA's 4th Goal for Psychology students is...

Communication

APA's 5th Goal for Psychology students is...

Professional development

Who performed a research study on false memories?

Loftus and Pickrell

Which religion believes in reincarnation based on Karma

Hinduism

The first time the term cognitive psychology was used was in the book, "Cognitive Psychology", published in 2004.

False

While most religions have a primary sacred text, atheism focuses on what?

Science and reasoning

Scientists are often more ______ than ______.

Reactionary; Revolutionary

When did psychology originate as a formal discipline?

19th century

Austine asserted that truth was ____ and ____.

Eternal and Unchanging

paradigm

A set of assumption about how the world works

The false memory that Loftus and Pickrell told participants about their childhood

Getting lost in a shopping mall

Introspection

The examination of one's own mind to inspect/report on thoughts or feelings

The enemy of scientific progress

The status quo

An argument form which follows this pattern: X > Y; Y > Z, so X > Z

Hypothetical Syllogism

__________ is mentally grasping a concept, while _______ is the ability to draw connections between understandings.

Understanding; wisdom

The cognitive approach presupposed that learning involves...

Mental representation and info processing

What does the "Fail Fast" model in innovation support?

Researchers should be encouraged to take risks and learn from failures to advance better ideas

construct validity

Type of validity which ensures that measurements accurately assess the underlying theoretical constructs

"Weight of the evidence" approach

Systematically reviewing and integrating findings from multiple sources to arrive at a more comprehensive and reliable conclusion

deductive logic

a type of reasoning, based on hypothetical premises, that requires predicting a specific outcome from a general principle (goes from premise to the specific conclusions)

inductive reasoning

moves from specific observations to a general, probabilistic conclusion

Premises

Used as support for a conclusion in deductive logic

Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE) is the process of reaching conclusions by:

Taking all plausible theories available to us and determining which one best fits the phenomena

Cognitive Map

A mental representation of a three-dimensional space, like a maze.

Epistemic Issues

Related to the study of knowledge, its nature, and how we come to know things.

William Clifford believed that...

if you believe things without sufficient evidence, there is a higher chance that what you believe will be false

William James believed that...

it was sometimes okay to believe based on insufficient evidence but only when it is impossible or overly burdensome to find sufficient evidence before believing

Precision

When all terms and concepts, as well as processes and procedures, are defined in detail.

Parsimony

When there are many possible explanations for a relationship between variables, the simplest and most logical is the one selected.

Which is not a Major Belief of Cognitive Psychology?

 

Learning is only spontaneous

A politician uses the following logical argument: If I have good economic policies, unemployment will be down. (If E, then U. “During my term, unemployment is down 3%.” (U. The politician then concludes that “Thus, I have strong economic policies.” (E.. This statement is…

unreliable

Generalization refers to…

 

Inferring a general law/principle from a limited representative set of data

Over time, science advocates for the best current treatments, known as evidence-based care practices.

True

What must be created between principles and judgments about ethics?

An equilibirum

Which of the following is not a type of validity?

Concrete validity

Brian develops a new theory, but when he collects evidence, it does not support the theory? What should he do?

All answers

The four types of validity are independent of each other.

false

What was one of the most dominant philosophical schools of thought during the peak of behaviorism?

logical positivism

A meta-analysis is considered to be the strongest scientific evidence.

true

Take a big assignment apart; convert it into multiple pieces. Start with just a title. Then make a brief, high-level outline. Focus on only one part of that outline and give yourself time between work. What is this an example of?

scaffolding

What are two major forms of scientific reasoning that are very important?

 

 

Observation and deduction

Inference of best explanation occurs very frequently in medical research and practice.

True

Which of the following is not inherent in the scientific process?

All answers

What does the scientific method allow a systematic increase for?

Knowledge and insight

If a theory predicts a phenomenon and the phenomenon does not happen, what happens to the theory?

Falsification

Two arguments can have the same true conclusion with only one having premises that support the conclusion.

true

What is one reason it is important to base your belief on sufficient evidence?

 

To not become credulous