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Cytopathology
Deals with cells and fluids, cytologic changes in cells.
Surgical Pathology
Studies normal and abnormal. Most are abnormal tissue. Bridge the gap between beginning and end stage.
Surgeons, OBGYNE
Who are the Anatomist in 17th century?
Embedding
Cutting
Deparrafinization
Sectioning
Cutting
Mounting
Labelling
Process of specimen by histotech: ECDSCML
Receiving
Accessioning
Grossing
Processing
What are the pre analytical?
Clue: RAGP
A. Department manager
Crew where it is responsible for overall.
A. Department manager
B. Medtech/Histotech
C. Clerial Support
D. Pathologist and Resident
E. Lab aid
B. Medtech/Histotech
Responsible for grossing in pre-analytical phase.
A. Department manager
B. Medtech/Histotech
C. Clerial Support
D. Pathologist and Resident
E. Lab aid
C. Clerial support
Responsible for station of accessioning, grossing and report generation.
A. Department manager
B. Medtech/Histotech
C. Clerial Support
D. Pathologist and Resident
E. Lab aid
D. Pathologist and Resident
Responsible for the analysis and diagnosis
Responsible for station of accessioning, grossing and report generation.
A. Department manager
B. Medtech/Histotech
C. Clerial Support
D. Pathologist and Resident
E. Lab aid
F. All are purposes
Which are not purpose of histopathology/cytology studies?
A. To diagnose
B. To treat
C. Asses prognosis
D. Asses treatment
E. To screen disease
F. None of the above
10% formalin
What is the percentage of fixative used in histopath?
75% formalin
What is the percentage of fixative used in cytopath?
C. 1:100
What is the container ratio?
A. 1:200
B. 1:10
C. 1:100
True
In request forms, do you need to know the previous diagnosis of the patient?
TRUE OR FALS
10x the volume of tissue
What is the ideal volume of fixative you should use?
A. Autolysis
What will happen if the specimen is not processed immediately?
A. Autolysis
B. Darkening of tissue
C. Tissue will shrink
A. Fixation
The purpose of this is to preserve tissues permanently in a life-like state as possible.
A. Fixation
B. Dehydration
C. Clearing
Formaldehyde
It is a fixative that is almost closet to being perfect, mostly used.
Aldehydes, mercurial, alcohol, oxidizing agent, picrate
What are the 5 major groups of fixatives? AMAOP
A. Aldehydes
Part of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde:
A, Aldehydes
B. Mercurial
C. Alcohols
D. Oxidizing agents
E. Picrate
A. Formaldehyde
Tissue is fixed by cross-linkages formed in the proteins, particularly between lysine residues.
A. Formaldehyde
B. Glutaraldehyde
TRUE
This cross-linkage does not harm the structure of proteins greatly, so that antigenicity is not lost.
TRUE OR FALSE
B. Immunoperoxidase technique
Formaldehyde is good for:
A. Immunohistochemistry technique
B. Immunoperoxidase technique
C. Immunocytology technique
B. Slow (24 hours)
Penetration of formaldehyde to tissue is:
A. Fast
B. Slow
B. 10% neutral buffered formalin
What is the gold standard/standard solution of formalin in histopath?
A. 10% neutral buffered formalin
B. 10% saline formalin
C. Buffer
It prevents the acidity that would promote autolysis and cause precipitation of formolheme pigment in the tissue?
A. Formaline
B. Saline
C. Buffer
D. Very good for electron microscopy (glutaraldehyde)
Which is not true about formaldehyde?
A. used for all routine surgical pathology and autopsy tissues when an H and E slide is to be produce.
B. the most forgiving of all fixatives when conditions are not ideal, and there is no tissue that it will harm significantly. (most non-toxic)
C. Most clinicians and nurses can understand what formalin is and does and it smells bad enough that they are careful handling it.
D. Very good for electron microscopy
B. Glutaraldehyde
They can cause deformation of alpha-helix structure in protein so its not good for Immunoperoxidase staining.
A. Formaldehyde
B. Glutaraldehyde
B. Glutaraldehyde
Penetrates very poor but best in overall cytoplasmic and nuclear detail.
A. Formaldehyde
B. Glutaraldehyde `
2% buffered glutaraldehyde
What is the standard solution of gulataraldehyde?
B5 and Zenkers
Known fixative for mercurials?
B. Mercurial
Best application is for fixation of hematopoietic and reticuloendothelial tissues such as bone marrow and lymp nodes.
A. Aldehyde
B. Mercurials
C. Alcohol
D. Oxidizing agent
E. Picrate
A. Methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol
They are protein denaturants and are not used routinely for tissues because they cause too much brittleness and hardness.
A. Methyl alcohol and ethyl
B. Potassium permanganate
C. Mercuric chloride
C. Alcohol H
They are good for cytologic smears and give good nuclear details
A. Aldehyde
B. Mercurials
C. Alcohol
D. Oxidizing agent
E. Picrate
C. 95% ethyl
How many percent of ethyl alcohol is used in cytopathologic fixation?
A. 50% ethyl
B. 90% ethyl
C. 95% ethyl
True
Spray can of alcohol is use for PAP smear before. But hairspray too.
True or False
D. Oxidizing agent
It is used for tissue culture specially on freeze drying. They can cross-link rproteins but cause extensive denaturation.
A. Aldehyde
B. Mercurial
C. Alcohol
D. Oxidizing agent
E. Picrate
D. None (All are oxidizing)
Which are not part of oxidizing agents.
A. Potassium permanganate
B. Potassium dichromate
C. Osmium tetroxide
D. None of the above
E. Picrate
Foremost among is the Bouins fluid
A. Aldehyde
B. Mercurials
C. Alcohol
D. Oxidizing agent
E. Picrate
e. Picrate
Same as mercurial because of the nuclear detail but does not cause hardness.
A. Aldehyde
B. Mercurials
C. Alcohol
D. Oxidizing agent
E. Picrate
E. Picrate
The solution stain yellow when in touches the skin.
A. Aldehyde
B. Mercurials
C. Alcohol
D. Oxidizing agent
E. Picrate
A. 10% neutral buffered formalin
Ideal solution in histopathology:
A. 10% neutral buffered Formalin
B. 95% ethyl alcohol
b. 95% ethyl alcohol
Ideal solution in cytopathology:
A. 10% neutral buffered Formalin
B. 95% ethyl alcohol
B. 7
What is the pH of a commercial formalin when buffered with phosphate?
A. 6
B. 7
C. 8
A. 6-7 (neutral)
pH of fixation should be around:
A. 6-7
B. 7-8
C. 4-5
TRUE
Does hypoxia lowers the pH of fixation?
True or false
Formalin-heme pigment
It is a black polarizable deposits in tissue
B. 2-3mm
Ideal cut for great penetration?
A. 1-3 mm
B. 2-3mm
C. 5 mm
A. 10:1
Ratio of fixative to tissue
A. 10:1
B. 10:5
C. 20:1
False ( hot formalin)
Cold formalin will fix the tissue faster.
True or false
TRUE
High concentration of fixative will cause tissue swelling
tRUE OR FALSE
C. Saline
Artifacts will be introduced by drying so tissue must be keep it moist with:
A. Formalin
B. Alcohol
C. Saline
B. 8 specimen slide
Minimum slides for radical specimen.
A. 5 specimen slide
B. 8 specimen slide