Sci10 - 3rd Quarter: Exam

NERVOUS SYSTEM

It regulates and coordinates all body activities. It is the center of all mental activity, including thought, learning, and memory

Brain Spinal cord nerves

nervous system consist of

Central Nervous System

processes and stores sensory and motor information. It is also in charge of controlling consciousness. Brain. • Spinal Cord

BRAIN

Surrounded by bone for protection Enclosed in cranium Main organ (like the CPU) More wrinkles = smarter

Cerebrum

Largest and uppermost portion of the brain Controls consciousness, memory sensations, emotions, and voluntary movements

Left Hemisphere-Rational Side Right Hemisphere Intuitive Side

Longitudinal fissure divides cerebrum into two hemispheres

Cerebellum

Attached to the brain stem Maintain muscle tone Coordinates normal movement and balance

Brain Stem

Region between diencephalon and spinal cord Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata Serves as pathway for impulses between brain and spinal cord Controls respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate

SPINAL CORD

Pathway for impulses traveling to and from brain Surrounded by vertebrae for protection Surrounded by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid Carries 31 pairs of spinal nerves Affects limbs and lower part of body

Peripheral Nervous System

transmits sensory and motor impulses back and forth between CNS and rest of body.

Afferent (sensory) nerves

carry impulses from the body to the central nervous system.

Efferent (motor) nerves

carry impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. They cause the target organs to do something in response to commancs.

Somatic Nervous System

provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contractions.

Autonomic Nervous System

) involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity and secretions in response to the commands of the central nervous system.

Sympathetic nerves

Increase heart rate Constrict blood vessels Raise blood pressure Fight-or-flight response

Parasympathetic nerves

Slow heart rate Increase peristalsis of intestines Increase glandular secretions Relax sphincters

Neurons

are also called as nerve cells that acts as the fundamental unit of the Nervous System

Cell body (Soma)

contains the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Axon

conducts impulses away from the cell body. Some axons are covered with a myelin sheath.

Dendrite

conducts impulses towards the cell body.

Synapse

space between two nerves which the Synapse impulses must cross.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

It is made up of group of organs called endocrine glands. Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate daily activities of the body and control its overall development. It is a system of checks and balances. Works to keep body system healthy, It is similar to a thermostat (temperature regulator) off and on response. When the Endocrine System is not properly doing its job, the overall health of the body may be affected, such as energy level, physical appearance and the ability to produce offsprings.

gland

is the smallest unit in the body that produces and releases a chemical substance called hormones.

Hormones

act as chemical messenger in the body which stimulates many organs.

Hypothalamus

a small gland connected to the base of the brain that regulates the activities of the body such as metabolism and roproduction.

Pituitary

is the "master gland" that signals other glands to produce their hormones when needed. The anterior lobe of the pituitary receives signals from the hypothalamus, and responds by sending out the appropriate hormone to other endocrine glands.

Adrenal

produces specific hormones that affect the functioning of the kidneys, metabolism and response to stressful situations. It controls the "fight or flight" response of the body.

Thyroid

regulates the rate of metabolism. It secretes thyroxine which controls the calcium levels in the bloodstream.

Parathyroid

the four tiny glands located at the back of the thyroid gland, they secrete parathyroid hormones that regulates the minerals in the body such as calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream

Pancreas

located beneath the stomach. Produces insulin that controls the level of sugar in the blood

Thymus

the gland located between the lungs and produces the hormone thymusin that plays. an important role in developing some of the body's defenses against infections

Gonads

the two reproductive (ovaries for female and testes for male) glands that play an important role in reproduction

Ovaries

Two solid egg-shaped structures They are attached to the uterus by ligaments. They are the counterpart of the male testicles.

Fallopian Tubes

Two tubes attached on either side of the uterus. carry egg cell towards the uterms and sperm cells towards the egg cell fertilization occurts]]s

Uterus

A hollow, muscular organ (shaped somewhat like an upside-down pear, about the size of a fist. blood lining) The uterus has one main function to protect and nourish a fetus. The walls of the uterus have the ability to stretch to the size if a small watermelon. After childbirth, the uterus shrinks back to the original shape in 6-8 weeks, but it can take up to nine months for the uterus to fully recover.

Cervix

neck or opening of the uterus strongest muscles in the body it dips down about half an inch into the vagina. It is normally plugged by mucus. It stays tightly closed during pregnancy but thins and opens for the delivery of the baby

Vagina

it is an empty passageway leading from the vaginal opening to the uterus. Organ used for intercourse. It is only 3-4 inches long but will lengthen during arousal. The vagina walls are made for many small folds of membrane that stretch greatly to accommodate a baby during birth. The vagina wall also secretes a fluid that helps to make intercourse easier

Urethra

the opening to the bladder

Clitoris

A small pea shaped bump at the front of the labia. It contains a small amount of erectile tissue. It increases sexual pleasure

Ova

The female reproductive cell. They are the largest cells in the female body (about the size of a grain of sand). The female baby is born with all the ova she will ever have (about 200,000 in each ovary). About 400-500 ova mature and are released over a lifetime

Ovulation

When the egg is released from the ovary. The ovum moves to the surface of the ovary in bursts out The ova fall into the fallopian tube and waits for fertilization. This happens every 28 days at the 14th day of the cycle.

Scrotum

sac-like pouch located behind the penis that holds each testes and helps regulate temperature for sperm procuction.

Testicles

are small organs that lie in the scrotum and produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone. They are the male sex gland. The testicles are outside the body because the male sperm that us manufactured in the testes need cooler- than-body temperature for normal growth and development. They are the counterpart to the female ovary. Loss of one does not impair the function. of the other. Four to five billion sperm cells are produced each month.

Testosterone

The male reproductive hormone made by the testicles which causes the changes of puberty. This hormone causes secondary sex characteristics, production of sperm and sexual urge. It is produced in the testicles and enters the bloodstream at a fairly constant rate,

Epididymis

the structure that forms a mass over the back and upper part of each testes. Sperm are stored there for as long as six weeks while they ripen to maturity.

Cowper's Gland

two small pea-sized glands located beneath the prostate gland on both sides of the base of the penis. They secrete a clear, sticky fluid that helps to neutralize the acidity of the urethra.

Vas Deferens

two long, thin tubes that serve as a passageway for sperm and a place for sperm storage. The contraction of the vas deferens along with the cilia help transport the sperm through ___.

Seminal Vesicles

two small glands that secrete a fluid that nourishes and enables the sperm to move.

Prostate Gland

surround the urethra beneath the bladder. The gland secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acid found in the male urethra and the female reproductive tract. Without the action of the secretions of the prostate gland, may sperm would die and fertilization of an ovum would be impossible.

Urethra

dual purpose tube that both semen and urine pass through to leave the body. Semen and urine never mix. Special muscles or sphincters surround the urethra. During urination, one sphincter will relax so that the pressure from the bladder will push urine out from the body. During ejaculation, another sphincter will relax so that semen can flow through the urethra to the outside of the body.

Penis

The male organ for sexual intercourse, reproduction, and urination. The reproductive purpose of the penis is to deposit semen in the vagina during sexual intercourse. The head of the penis or glans contains many nerve endings. At birth the glans is covered by a loosely fitting skin called the foreskin. When the penis is erect, it is in 5-7 inches. long. An erection occurs when the sponge like chambers in the penis fill with blood.

Semen

a combination of fluid that is produced in the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's gland. This flued nourishes and helps sperm move through the urethra.

Sperm

microscopic cells produced by the male's testicles which can fertilize the female's ovum. They are tiny, living cells 100 times smaller than a pencil dot. (the smallest cell in a man's body) Enough sperm would fit on the head of a pin to re-populate the heart if each sperm fertilized an egg. It is destroyed by warm body temperature, acidic environment. It can survive in a women's body for 5-8 days. Any sperm not ejaculated are passed in the urine.

Ejaculation

the passage of sperm from the penis, a result of a series of muscular contractions.

exocrine glands

ducted and released products into ducts ex: sweat, tears, digestive juices

endocrine glands

ductless and secrete products directly to the bloodstream exx:: hormones

glucagon

which hormone functions as to trigger the release of sugar that is stored in the liver into the blood when blood sugar levels are low

dopamine

whihc hormone is a type neurotransmitter used by nerve cells (neurons) to talk to each other. this chem triggers feelings of motivation pleasure and reward

erythropoietin

hormone targets the bone marrow to stimulate the production of red blood cells

cortisol

this hormone is produced in response to stressors

HCG

this hormone is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. this hormone decteced to indicate a positive pregnancy test

prolactin

hormone targets the mammary glands to stimulate milk production

FSH

stimulates the production of estrogen

thyroxine

what hormone is produced by the thyroid gland