GCSE Sports Science

Define skilful movement

A movement in which a predetermined objective is accomplished with maximum efficiency and a minimum outlay of energy

What are the characteristics of skilful movement? (hint: PEA FC)

Predetermination, efficiency, aesthetically pleasing, fluency, co-ordination

Define imagery

Imagining an event at which the performer played positively or imagining a completely different ‘happy place’

Define mental rehearsal

Rehearsal of a skill/movement/ position/play in the performer’s mind

Define selective attention

Paying attention to the game and tuning out other influences, i.e an unpleasant crowd

Define positive thinking/positive self talk

The player telling themselves that they are doing well during a game

For the frontal plane, give the corresponding movement at joint, axis and movement example.

Abduction and adduction, frontal axis, cricket catch

For the transverse plane, give the corresponding movement at joint, axis and movement example.

Rotation, longitudinal axis, pirouette in ballet

For the sagittal plane, give the corresponding movement at joint, axis and movement example.

Flexion and extension, transverse axis, somersault in gymnastics

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Support, posture, movement, protection, blood cell production, storage of minerals

Define health

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and the absence of infirmary

Give three physical benefits of exercise

Bones become more dense, blood pressure decreases, prevents obesity

Give three physical consequences of a sedentary lifestyle

Increased risk of osteoporosis, sugar levels in the blood increase, muscle fatigue causes poor posture

Give three emotional benefits of exercise

Improved self-esteem, reduced levels of cortisol in the body, improved body image

Give three emotional consequences of a sedentary lifestyle

Poor mental health, buildup of stress, feeling shame (over lack of physical accomplishments)

Give three social health benefits of exercise

Friendship, heightened sense of belonging, improves leadership skills

Give three social consequences of a sedentary lifestyle

Loneliness, depression, feeling isolated

What is a balanced diet?

Taking the right level of energy and nutrients that the body needs in relation to its expenditure

What are the components of a balanced diet?

55% carbs, 30% fats, 15-20% protein , vitamins, minerals, fibre, water

Why are carbohydrates important?

They release energy (speed depending on their complexity)

What is carb-loading?

A technique used to increase glycogen stores in the muscles before an endurance event.

How do unsaturated fats help athletes?

They help maintain a healthy cholesterol level

What are the function of vitamins?

Prevents disease/illness, helps growth and repair

Give two examples of macro-minerals

Calcium and potassium

Give two examples of trace elements

Iron and zinc

What is the function of fibre?

Aids digestion and absorption of vitamins and minerals

Give two negative effects of dehydration on the performer

Fatigue, muscle cramps

What are the average calorie counts for men and women?

2500 for men, 2000 for women

What calculation can be used to work out how much energy the body needs?

Basal metabolic rate + physical activity level = total energy requirement

What is the BMR? (basal metabolic rate)

The amount of energy needed to keep body systems working normally

Give the three types of joints

Cartilaginous, synovial, fibrous

What is the function of a fibrous joint?

It is immoveable (e.g teeth to gums/jaw)

What is the function of a synovial joint?

Synovial fluid allows for range of movement (e.g at hinge and ball and socket joints)

What is a tendon?

A strong but flexible fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

What is the function of a tendon?

Gives stability and assists movement

What is a ligament?

A tough connective tissue that connects bone to bone

What is the function of a ligament?

Protects and stabilises joints, maintains posture, prevents dislocation

What is cartilage?

A soft connective tissue (semi moveable in joints)

What are the functions of cartilage?

Absorbs shock, aids mobility, reduces friction

What is wellbeing?

The state of happiness, content, prosperity and feeling healthy

What is the origin of a muscle?

The end of a muscle attached (by a tendon) to a bone that is stable

What does the origin do?

It remains still when contraction occurs

What is the insertion of a muscle?

The end of a muscle attached (by a tendon) to a bone that actively moves

What is a fixator muscle?

A muscle that stabilises the origin of the agonist

Give three reasons why women participate in sports less

Sexism, occupied by childcare, revealing clothing can lead to unwanted attention

Give three reasons why people of colour participate in sports less

Racism, lack of BAME coaches, religious/cultural prohibitions

Give three reasons why elderly people participate in sports less

Less able, more susceptible to injury, lack of accessible transport

Give three reasons why disabled people participate in sports less

Inaccessible transport and facilities, clubs/coaches do not accommodate disabled people

Give three solutions to poor engagement patterns

More role models, getting involved at grassroots level and improving accessibility in facilities

What is the axial skeleton?

The central part of the skeleton and the main source of support

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

Cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Consists of the remaining bones and structures that join them onto the axial skeleton

What do flat bones do?

Protect the vital organs

What do long bones do?

Act as levers, help to maintain posture and facilitate movement

What do short bones do?

Provide stability and assist in weight bearing

What are the component of a warm-up? (hint: PRAMS DS)

Pulse raising activity, mobility, stretching, dynamic movements, skill rehearsal (e.g jogging)

What is a pulse raising activity?

Any form of exercise that which increases heart rate and body temperature

Define mobility (in the context of the warm up)

The component that helps to increase the range of movement around a joint (e.g arm swings)

Give an example of stretching you should do in a warm up

High knees

Give an example of a dynamic movement in a warm up

Shuttle runs

Give an example of skill rehearsal in a warm up

Passing drills for hockey

Give three physical benefits to a warm up

Decreases likelihood of DOMS, increases blood flow, increases muscle temperature

Give the components of a cool down (hint: LIES)

Low intensity exercise and stretching

Give an example of a low intensity exercise

A slow jog around the pitch

Give an example of a cool down stretch

A hamstring stretch

Give three physical benefits of a cool down

Increased removal of waste products, reduces heart rate, maintains circulation

What is continuous training?

Activity that continues for an extended period of time without rest

What is the purpose of continuous training?

To stress the aerobic system and improve cardiovascular endurance

What is fartlek training?

Continuous training where the speed, intensity and terrain are varied

What is the purpose of fartlek training?

To add enjoyment and train both aerobic and anaerobic systems

What is interval training?

Intervals of work interspersed with rest

What is the purpose of interval training?

Trains both systems and is adaptable to the individual

What is circuit training?

Activity that involves a number of exercise stations

What is the purpose of circuit training?

Uses body weight as the main resistance and is adaptable to any sporting needs

What is weight training?

A form of training that involves the use of extra resistance beyond body weight

What is the purpose of weight training?

To overload muscle groups and force muscle tissue adaptations

What is plyometric training?

Activity that involves rapid and repeated stretching of the muscles

What is the purpose of plyometric training?

Effective for developing power

What is HIIT?

Training at a high exertion level typically over a short interval of time

What is the purpose of HIIT?

Improves performance and the ability to burn fat

What are the factors affecting participation?

Age, gender, race, religion/culture, family and disability

What is the Rooney Rule?

The requirement of one person from a BAME background to be interviewed for a coaching position

Give three ways the media contributes to declining levels of participation in sport

Sport shown in the media is too specialised, male dominated, and shows deviance

Give three ways the media contributes to increasing levels of participation in sport

Shows minority sports, shows positive role models and shows enjoyment factors

What do anabolic steroids do?

Increase muscle mass, allows quicker recovery and increases aggression

Who might use anabolic steroids?

Positions that require power

What are three negative side effects of anabolic steroids?

Liver damage, high blood pressure, blood clots

What do beta blockers do?

Maintain a low heart rate, reduce stress and anxiety and increase precision

Who might use beta blockers?

Positions that require fine motor skills

What are three negative side effects of beta blockers?

Dizziness, nausea, fatigue

What do stimulants do?

Increase alertness, masks fatigue, increases endurance

Who might use stimulants?

Positions that require a boost of energy

What are the negative side effects of stimulants?

Addiction, seizures, insomnia

Give three reasons for deviance

Pressure to win, lack of moral code and stress

Give three consequences of deviance

Damaged reputation, bans, loss of sponsors

What is commercialisation?

The link between commerce and sport with a primary focus on profit

What is the Golden Triangle?

The interdependent link between sport, business and media with a primary focus on profit

What is sponsorship?

The giving of money or goods to a performer in order to improve publicity

What are three benefits of sponsorship?

Covers costs for performers, raises awareness of the sponsor, promotes a healthy image of the sponsor

What are three disadvantages of sponsorship?

Sponsorship can be easily withdrawn, (alcohol) sponsors can give a bad image to sport, and badly behaved players can reflect badly on the sponsor