GCSE Sports Science

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Define skilful movement

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146 Terms

1

Define skilful movement

A movement in which a predetermined objective is accomplished with maximum efficiency and a minimum outlay of energy

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2

What are the characteristics of skilful movement? (hint: PEA FC)

Predetermination, efficiency, aesthetically pleasing, fluency, co-ordination

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3

Define imagery

Imagining an event at which the performer played positively or imagining a completely different ‘happy place’

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4

Define mental rehearsal

Rehearsal of a skill/movement/ position/play in the performer’s mind

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5

Define selective attention

Paying attention to the game and tuning out other influences, i.e an unpleasant crowd

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6

Define positive thinking/positive self talk

The player telling themselves that they are doing well during a game

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7

For the frontal plane, give the corresponding movement at joint, axis and movement example.

Abduction and adduction, frontal axis, cricket catch

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8

For the transverse plane, give the corresponding movement at joint, axis and movement example.

Rotation, longitudinal axis, pirouette in ballet

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9

For the sagittal plane, give the corresponding movement at joint, axis and movement example.

Flexion and extension, transverse axis, somersault in gymnastics

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10

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Support, posture, movement, protection, blood cell production, storage of minerals

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11

Define health

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and the absence of infirmary

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12

Give three physical benefits of exercise

Bones become more dense, blood pressure decreases, prevents obesity

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13

Give three physical consequences of a sedentary lifestyle

Increased risk of osteoporosis, sugar levels in the blood increase, muscle fatigue causes poor posture

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14

Give three emotional benefits of exercise

Improved self-esteem, reduced levels of cortisol in the body, improved body image

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15

Give three emotional consequences of a sedentary lifestyle

Poor mental health, buildup of stress, feeling shame (over lack of physical accomplishments)

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16

Give three social health benefits of exercise

Friendship, heightened sense of belonging, improves leadership skills

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17

Give three social consequences of a sedentary lifestyle

Loneliness, depression, feeling isolated

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18

What is a balanced diet?

Taking the right level of energy and nutrients that the body needs in relation to its expenditure

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19

What are the components of a balanced diet?

55% carbs, 30% fats, 15-20% protein , vitamins, minerals, fibre, water

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20

Why are carbohydrates important?

They release energy (speed depending on their complexity)

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21

What is carb-loading?

A technique used to increase glycogen stores in the muscles before an endurance event.

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22

How do unsaturated fats help athletes?

They help maintain a healthy cholesterol level

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23

What are the function of vitamins?

Prevents disease/illness, helps growth and repair

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24

Give two examples of macro-minerals

Calcium and potassium

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25

Give two examples of trace elements

Iron and zinc

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26

What is the function of fibre?

Aids digestion and absorption of vitamins and minerals

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27

Give two negative effects of dehydration on the performer

Fatigue, muscle cramps

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28

What are the average calorie counts for men and women?

2500 for men, 2000 for women

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29

What calculation can be used to work out how much energy the body needs?

Basal metabolic rate + physical activity level = total energy requirement

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30

What is the BMR? (basal metabolic rate)

The amount of energy needed to keep body systems working normally

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31

Give the three types of joints

Cartilaginous, synovial, fibrous

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32

What is the function of a fibrous joint?

It is immoveable (e.g teeth to gums/jaw)

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33

What is the function of a synovial joint?

Synovial fluid allows for range of movement (e.g at hinge and ball and socket joints)

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34

What is a tendon?

A strong but flexible fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

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35

What is the function of a tendon?

Gives stability and assists movement

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36

What is a ligament?

A tough connective tissue that connects bone to bone

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37

What is the function of a ligament?

Protects and stabilises joints, maintains posture, prevents dislocation

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38

What is cartilage?

A soft connective tissue (semi moveable in joints)

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39

What are the functions of cartilage?

Absorbs shock, aids mobility, reduces friction

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40

What is wellbeing?

The state of happiness, content, prosperity and feeling healthy

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41

What is the origin of a muscle?

The end of a muscle attached (by a tendon) to a bone that is stable

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42

What does the origin do?

It remains still when contraction occurs

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43

What is the insertion of a muscle?

The end of a muscle attached (by a tendon) to a bone that actively moves

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44

What is a fixator muscle?

A muscle that stabilises the origin of the agonist

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45

Give three reasons why women participate in sports less

Sexism, occupied by childcare, revealing clothing can lead to unwanted attention

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46

Give three reasons why people of colour participate in sports less

Racism, lack of BAME coaches, religious/cultural prohibitions

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47

Give three reasons why elderly people participate in sports less

Less able, more susceptible to injury, lack of accessible transport

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48

Give three reasons why disabled people participate in sports less

Inaccessible transport and facilities, clubs/coaches do not accommodate disabled people

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49

Give three solutions to poor engagement patterns

More role models, getting involved at grassroots level and improving accessibility in facilities

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50

What is the axial skeleton?

The central part of the skeleton and the main source of support

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51

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

Cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

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52

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Consists of the remaining bones and structures that join them onto the axial skeleton

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53

What do flat bones do?

Protect the vital organs

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54

What do long bones do?

Act as levers, help to maintain posture and facilitate movement

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55

What do short bones do?

Provide stability and assist in weight bearing

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56

What are the component of a warm-up? (hint: PRAMS DS)

Pulse raising activity, mobility, stretching, dynamic movements, skill rehearsal (e.g jogging)

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57

What is a pulse raising activity?

Any form of exercise that which increases heart rate and body temperature

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58

Define mobility (in the context of the warm up)

The component that helps to increase the range of movement around a joint (e.g arm swings)

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59

Give an example of stretching you should do in a warm up

High knees

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60

Give an example of a dynamic movement in a warm up

Shuttle runs

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61

Give an example of skill rehearsal in a warm up

Passing drills for hockey

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62

Give three physical benefits to a warm up

Decreases likelihood of DOMS, increases blood flow, increases muscle temperature

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63

Give the components of a cool down (hint: LIES)

Low intensity exercise and stretching

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64

Give an example of a low intensity exercise

A slow jog around the pitch

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65

Give an example of a cool down stretch

A hamstring stretch

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66

Give three physical benefits of a cool down

Increased removal of waste products, reduces heart rate, maintains circulation

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67

What is continuous training?

Activity that continues for an extended period of time without rest

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68

What is the purpose of continuous training?

To stress the aerobic system and improve cardiovascular endurance

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69

What is fartlek training?

Continuous training where the speed, intensity and terrain are varied

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70

What is the purpose of fartlek training?

To add enjoyment and train both aerobic and anaerobic systems

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71

What is interval training?

Intervals of work interspersed with rest

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72

What is the purpose of interval training?

Trains both systems and is adaptable to the individual

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73

What is circuit training?

Activity that involves a number of exercise stations

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74

What is the purpose of circuit training?

Uses body weight as the main resistance and is adaptable to any sporting needs

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75

What is weight training?

A form of training that involves the use of extra resistance beyond body weight

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76

What is the purpose of weight training?

To overload muscle groups and force muscle tissue adaptations

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77

What is plyometric training?

Activity that involves rapid and repeated stretching of the muscles

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78

What is the purpose of plyometric training?

Effective for developing power

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79

What is HIIT?

Training at a high exertion level typically over a short interval of time

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80

What is the purpose of HIIT?

Improves performance and the ability to burn fat

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81

What are the factors affecting participation?

Age, gender, race, religion/culture, family and disability

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82

What is the Rooney Rule?

The requirement of one person from a BAME background to be interviewed for a coaching position

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83

Give three ways the media contributes to declining levels of participation in sport

Sport shown in the media is too specialised, male dominated, and shows deviance

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84

Give three ways the media contributes to increasing levels of participation in sport

Shows minority sports, shows positive role models and shows enjoyment factors

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85

What do anabolic steroids do?

Increase muscle mass, allows quicker recovery and increases aggression

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86

Who might use anabolic steroids?

Positions that require power

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87

What are three negative side effects of anabolic steroids?

Liver damage, high blood pressure, blood clots

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88

What do beta blockers do?

Maintain a low heart rate, reduce stress and anxiety and increase precision

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89

Who might use beta blockers?

Positions that require fine motor skills

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90

What are three negative side effects of beta blockers?

Dizziness, nausea, fatigue

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91

What do stimulants do?

Increase alertness, masks fatigue, increases endurance

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92

Who might use stimulants?

Positions that require a boost of energy

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93

What are the negative side effects of stimulants?

Addiction, seizures, insomnia

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94

Give three reasons for deviance

Pressure to win, lack of moral code and stress

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95

Give three consequences of deviance

Damaged reputation, bans, loss of sponsors

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96

What is commercialisation?

The link between commerce and sport with a primary focus on profit

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97

What is the Golden Triangle?

The interdependent link between sport, business and media with a primary focus on profit

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98

What is sponsorship?

The giving of money or goods to a performer in order to improve publicity

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99

What are three benefits of sponsorship?

Covers costs for performers, raises awareness of the sponsor, promotes a healthy image of the sponsor

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100

What are three disadvantages of sponsorship?

Sponsorship can be easily withdrawn, (alcohol) sponsors can give a bad image to sport, and badly behaved players can reflect badly on the sponsor

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