CIS Physiology: COOP 5 - Blood

Blood

hematocrit/packed cell volume (PCV)

% of RBC that determine viscosity

plasma

matrix (liquid) of the blood

erythrocytes

RBC that carry O2

leukocytes

WBC that fight infection

platelets

flattened discs that clump together and stick to damaged blood vessel walls and form a plug; they release chemicals to assist in blood clotting

viscosity

measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow (how thick it is)

hypoxia

low O2 levels in the tissues

anemia

low RBC count which leads to low oxygen levels

erythropoietin

hormone that makes RBC

whole blood

all components of blood (RBC, WBC, plasma, and platelets)

eosinophil

large red granules that fights parasites and allergies (1 - 4%)

basophil

blue/purple granules that release chemicals to trigger inflammation in damaged tissues (less than 1%)

neutrophil

stains purple with large pale granules, 3 - 7 lobed nucleus (like a string of beads), 1st responder to infection that releases chemicals (50 - 70%)

monocyte

kidney bean nucleus that engulfs debris for chronic illness (2 - 8%)

lymphocyte

very large nucleus, defends against pathogens, and fights tumors/viruses (20 - 40%)

sickle cell disease (SCD)

genetic disorder with an irregular cell shape that is unable to travel in the capillaries causing anemia (low O2 levels)

agglutination

clumping of RBC which causes blood clots and can put you at risk for strokes

Rh factor

protein found on RBC that causes low O2 levels and fights off less infections leading to a weak immune system

type A blood

A antigens and B antibody

type B blood

B antigen and A antibody

type AB blood

AB antigen and no antibodies

type O blood

no antigens and AB antibody

hemostasis

blood clotting to stop bleeding

vascular spasm phase

blood vessel is cut and it causes a vascular spasm (muscular contractions)

platelet plug phase

platelets clog cut to form a plug to attach to the blood vessel wall

coagulation

factor X forms the enzyme prothrombinase which converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin. the fibrin threads trap blood cells and platelets form a blood clot that seals off the damaged part of the blood vessel. The mineral Ca+ serves as a coagulant (substance that helps clot blood) and is an important part of the process.

extrinsic pathway

external cut that starts quickly and helps form blood clots using factor X

intrinsic pathway

internal bleeding that starts slowly and helps form blood clots using factor X

factor X

protein that clots blood by activating enzymes

thrombin

clots blood by activating clotting factors (converting fibrinogen to fibrin)

prothrombin

inactive form of thrombin, helps clot blood by converting into thrombin

fibrinogen

clotting protein that has a mesh structure which traps RBC and converts into fibrin to form blood clots

fibrin

protein that forms a sticky thread to clot blood (converted from fibrinogen)

tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

converts plasminogen into plasmin to dissolve blood clots using fibrin

plasminogen

inactive form of plasmin that breaks down blood clots

plasmin

breaks down fibrin to restore blood flow

A-

can receive A-, O-

B+

can receive B+, B-, O+, and O-

AB+

can receive universal recipient (all blood types)

O-

can receive O-

Rh positive

positive blood types can recieve other negative and positive blood types

Rh negative

negative blood types can receive only negative blood types

phagocytosis

more general term, engulf/digest pathogens (neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil)

antigen

“intruder”, foreign invader (bacteria, pathogen)

antibody

“security guard”, protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens

macrophage

specific type of phagocytic cell that engulfs pathogens and debris

fibrinolysis

dissolving of clot by activating plasminogen using thrombin

iron deficiency anemia

body does not have enough iron to produce hemoglobin (protein in RBC that carries O2)

malaria

disease caused by parasites spread by mosquito bites, invade/multiply RBC causing them to burst leading to anemia (low O2)

fetal hemolytic disease

happens when a mother’s blood type is negative and the baby’s is positive, the mother’s immune system attacks the baby’s RBC leading to anemia (low O2)