APUSH Unit 7 Part 1

This "part 1" covers the AMSCO chapters 7.1-7.11 (but not a lot of 7.11 as it isn't really on the test). The test is 40 multiple choice and includes 3 SAQs (you do 3 out of 4 SAQs)

Underwood Tariff

Passed in 1913 under Wilson, it substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. As compensation for a lack of revenue, this bill included a graduated income tax.

Federal Reserve Act

Passed in 1914 under Wilson. Proposed a national banking system with 12 district banks supervised by a Federal Reserve Board appointed by the president. Provide stability and flexibility to the US financial system by regulating interest rates and the capital reserves of banks. Inspired by the idea that the gold standard was inflexible and that banks were dangerously influenced by stock speculators on Wall Street. Vital to WW1 economy.

Federal Trade Commission Act

Made to protect consumers by investigating and taking action against “unfair trade practices,” like false advertising and the mislabeling of goods, in any industry except banking and transportation because they were already regulated by other agencies. Appointed by the president, created in 1914.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Ratified 1914, strengthened by the Sherman Anti Trust Act’s power to break up monopolies. Most important for organized labor, the new law exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts.

Holding Companies

companies which owned a part, or all, of another company’s stock to extend monopolistic control. Do not produce good/services, only exist to control other companies. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act stopped these companies.

Workingmen’s Compensation Act (1916)

Ratified 1916, it paid for disabilities, survivors, and medical benefits, without regard to who was at fault, to employees who were injured or became ill in the course of their employment in a federal job and to the survivors in events where employees were killed on the job. The costs of benefits are paid by each employee's host agency.

Adamson Act

Established an 8 hour day for all 1.7 M employees on trains in interstate commerce with overtime pay in 1916

Jones Act (1916)

Granted full territorial status to the Philippines, guaranteed a bill of rights and universal male suffrage to Filipino citizens, and promised independence for the Philippines as soon as a stable government was established.

Tampico Incident (1914)

An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government enraged Wilson to dispatch the navy to seize the part of the Veracruz port in April 1914. This was in a failed attempt to aid revolutionaries fighting Huerta, a Mexican dictator, by blockading the port. Didn’t cause war but increased US-Mexican tensions.

Central Powers

Consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. Fought the Allies in WW1

Allies (WW1)

Originally consisted of Britain, Russia, and France, while Italy joined in 1915 and the US in 1917. Fought against the Central Powers.

U-boats

German submarines. Germany pursued an unrestricted use of these submarines, or to fire at any target in certain territories without warning, starting in 1915 to blockade supplies from entering Britain. The US largely protested against Germany for such behavior, and it primarily caused the US to enter WW1 after Germany renewed unrestricted submarine warfare again in 1917 after the US persuaded Germany not to do so.

Lusitania Crisis

In 1915, a British passenger ship that entered a war zone where German submarines were commanded to fire at any ship in sight. This killed many civilian passengers, including 128 American passengers. This encouraged the public to encourage war with Germany, which was against US neutrality at the time. This was the first of multiple torpedo strikes on unarmed ships beginning in 1915 that created tension in US-Germany relations.

Zimmermann Telegram/Note

Sent to Mexico by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann in 1917. Encouraged Mexico to join the the Central Powers, in which Germany promised Mexico the land it lost to the US in the Mexican-American War (Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona). Additionally, it revealed plans to renew unrestricted submarine warfare and an alliance with Japan. However, this was intercepted by the British and published throughout the US, enraging the public and convincing Wilson to declare war on Germany in 1917. Neither Mexico or Japan made an alliance with Germany after this note.

Fourteen Points (1918)

Written by President Wilson for the Treaty of Versailles. These points most significantly included the freedom of the seas, the self-determination of nations, the end to secret treaties, widespread arms reduction, the removal of trade barriers, and the establishment of the League of Nations.

Committee on Public Information

Lead by journalist George Creel, it was a propaganda agency made in 1917 to enlisted artists, writers, performers, and movie stars to depict US soldiers as heroes fighting Germans in WW1. Urged Americans to watch out for German spies and to do their part in the war effort.

Schenck v. United States

In 1919, the person in this case was a member of the Socialist Party. He urged young men to resist the draft, and was arrested for violating the Espionage Act. This case made its way to the Supreme Court, in which the Court argued freedom of speech is only constitutional when it doesn’t include a “clear and present danger.”

War Industries Board

Formed in 1917 and led by Bernard Baruch. Coordinated industrial production in WW1, setting production quotas, allocating raw materials, and pushing companies to increase efficiency and eliminate waste. Industrial production increased by 20% during WW1.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Also known as the Wobblies, a radical organization from 1905 which sought to build a large union and advocate industrial sabotage to defend their union. Had 100,000 members in 1923, potentially 300,000 supporters too. Appealed to migrants in agriculture and lumbering, and miners who had poor working conditions.

Great migration

Movement of southern black people to urban areas in the north and midwest in the 1910s to the 1920s. The reason for this was to escape oppression in the south, largely due to the Jim Crow Laws (segregation). Additionally, poll taxes and literacy tests that had to be paid or passed in order for black citizens to vote further oppressed them. Black citizens also migrated to find jobs, especially in NY and Chicago. However, black citizens were still oppressed in the north, just not as severely.

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

General Pershing led American troops to this effort in 1918 to cut German railroads from supplying the Western Front. One of the few major battles the US participated in, still underway when war ended.

League of Nations

Created in President Wilson’s Fourteen Points. Wilson desired this to be a worldwide representative body where countries could negotiate instead of going to war. Although created, Congress refused to ratify it because of the fear that the nation would go to war without congressional approval due to tying the US to international affairs. Thus, the US wasn’t able to join.

Treaty of Versailles

Largely influenced by the Allies. Ultimately, this treaty from 1919 made Germany disarm itself, lose access to colonies in Asia and Africa, admit guilt for the war, accept French occupation of the Rhineland for more than a decade, and pay a huge sum of money in reparations to Great Britain and France. Additionally, German, Austrian-Hungarian, and Russian land were taken by the Allies, while Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland were given independence. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were established.

Irreconcilables

A hardcore group of militant isolationists led by two senators who opposed Wilson’s international cooperation in the League of Nations post-WW1.

Francisco “Pancho” Villa

Challenged the new democratic Mexican government established by Carranza in 1914 after Huerta fell. This challenger led rebels to destabilize the new government by leading raids across the US-Mexican border, murdering several people in Texas and New Mexico. In 1916, President Wilson ordered General Pershing and an expeditionary force to pursue this man, but failed. Efforts from the US to continue ended when Carranza protested against US presence in Mexico and because of WW1.

Eugene V. Debs

The Socialist leader who got sentenced to ten years in federal prison due to the Espionage and Sedition Act. He was not alone, around 2,000 people were prosecuted under these laws. He ran for president from prison in 1920 and gained 1 M votes. He was pardoned by Harding in 1921.

William D. “Big Bill” Haywood

Leader of the Industrial Workers of the World, he was convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917.

Herbert C. Hoover

The Quaker-humanitarian head of the Food Administration. Made a propaganda campaign through media to save food for export to Europe in WW1. He made wheatless Wednesdays and meatless Tuesdays on a voluntary basis. Due to these efforts, farm production increased by 25% and food exports to the Allies tripled.

Alice Paul

Leader of the National Woman’s Party after breaking away from NAWSA in 1916. Took an assertive approach to gaining the vote for women’s suffrage through going on the street with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes. Focused on winning the support of Congress and the president for an amendment to the Constitution. Titled Wilson as “Kaiser Wilson,” in which “Kaiser” was used to negatively compare him to Germany

Henry Cabot Lodge

A senator that, along with President Theodore Roosevelt who was once the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, heeded the calls of expanding US naval power and influence in the world from Alfred Mahan’s belief that a strong navy meant strong international trade and power. This man, the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, and was disliked by Wilson. However, such efforts made the US the third largest navy by 1900.

Braintrust

A group of university professors who assisted FDR to write the New Deal while he was governor of NY regarding economic matters.

New Deal

FDR’s program, from 1933 to 1934, that involved a multitude of legislation for the relief for the unemployed, the recovery for business, and the reform of economic institutions during and following the Great Depression. Ultimately expanded American liberalism and turned the US from laissez-faire economic policies to a limited welfare state, or a regulated economy.

Hundred Days

A long period of time when FDR called in Congress to a special session where they passed into law every request of the president under the New Deal, enacting more major legislation than any single Congress in history.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

In the New Deal program as relief for the unemployed. Hired young men to manage soil conservation and forestry projects

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

A New Deal administration made in 1933 that set codes for wages, hours of work, levels of production, and prices of finished goods. Gave workers the right to organize and bargain collectively. Considered unconstitutional in 1935 by the Supreme Court.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

This administration under the New Deal in 1933 encouraged farmers to reduce production and therefore boost prices by offering to pay government subsidies for every acre they plowed under. Considered unconstitutional in 1935 by the Supreme Court.

Dust Bowl

In the early 1930s, a severe drought ruined crop in the Great Plains, and eventually high winds also blew away millions of tons of dried topsoil. This, and poor farming practices, caused farmers to migrate from Oklahoma to surrounding states and California in search of farm or factory work. They were known as “Okies.”

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Under the New Deal program for the relief for the unemployed. Hired people to run electric power plants and to control flooding and erosion in 1933.

Social Security Act

Passed in 1935 under the Second New Deal. Provided for a safety net income for workers over 65 years old using a part of their wage that was withheld by the government and then paid back in retirement. Still used today.

Wagner Act

Passed in 1935 under the Second New Deal. Replaced the labor provisions of the National Recovery Administration once it was considered unconstitutional. This guaranteed a worker’s right to join a union and a union’s right to bargain collectively. Outlawed business practices that were unfair to labor.

Fair Labor Standards Act

The last major reform of the (second) New Deal in FDR’s second term. In 1938, Congress enacted this to establish several regulations on businesses in interstate commerce. This included minimum wage, a maximum standard workweek of 40 hours with overtime pay, and child labor laws for those under 16.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Led by John Lewis. Called for industrial unions to join this organization to include those regardless of skill, race, and sex, which wasn’t practiced in the American Federation of Labor. This organization broke away from the AFL and became its chief rival, and concentrated on organizing unskilled workers.

Court Packing Plan

FDR’s proposal in 1937 that would allow the president to appoint a new Supreme Court Justice for every justice over 70.5 years old, which at the time gave him the power to appoint 6 judges that would likely favor him. This was inspired by conservative judges who limited New Deal programs. This was met with heavy backlash, as it was seen as dictatorial for the president to have such power.

Keynesianism

The writings of the British economist John Maynard Keynes taught FDR that deficit spending was helpful in difficult times because the government needed to spend well above its tax revenues in order to initiate economic growth. This would increase investment and create jobs.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)

The democrat who won the 1932 election in a landslide because of his agenda of governmental intervention following the Great Depression. This heavily contradicted Hoover’s laissez-faire economic policies which were blamed as the cause of the depression. He believed in intervention in Europe, which contradicted American public opinion of isolationism early on in WW2.

Harry L. Hopkins

Became a prominent figure in FDR’s administration with the creation of the Second New Deal in 1935.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest who was also a major radio broadcaster in the early 1930s. Founded the National Union for Social Justice, calling for an inflated currency and the nationalization of all banks. He attacked the New Deal and became anti-Semitic and fascist until he was shut down by the Catholic Church.

Francis E. Townsend

Proposed to guarantee a secure income to senior citizens by proposing a 2% federal sales tax that every retired person over 60 would receive from with $200 monthly. This man argued that this would stimulate the economy and bring the depression to an end. This plan persuaded Roosevelt to make the Social Security system.

Huey P. “Kingfish” Long

FDR considered this man the most dangerous of the demagogues of the depression. He was a senator who proposed a “Share Our Wealth” program that promised a minimum annual income of $5,000 for every American family paid for by taxing the wealthy. He attempted to become the candidate of the Democratic Party in 1935 to fight for candidacy against FDR but was assassinated by a local political rival.

Frances Perkins

FDR’s secretary of labor, the first woman ever to serve in a president’s cabin. Represented how Roosevelt’s administration was the most diverse in US history at the time, as it also involved African Americans, Catholics, and Jews.

Mary Bethune

One of over 100 African Americans appointed to a middle-level position in federal departments by FDR. She had been a longtime leader of efforts for improving education and economic opportunities for women. Established the Federal Council on Negro Affairs to increase African American involvement in the New Deal.

Panic of 1893

This signaled the beginning of the worst economic depression in American history before the Great Depression of the 1930s. The crisis began when the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad went bankrupt; two months later the National Cordage Company also failed. These bankruptcies led to a major decline in stock prices. Because many leading banks had invested their assets in the stock market, a wave of bank failures soon followed.

Spanish-American War

Public opinion stirred when General Weyler forced Cubans into poorly conditioned camps following the Cuban Revolt in 1895. However, some opinion was falsely altered by yellow journalism. Additionally, when the USS Maine exploded, not even a week before did the De Lome Letter get leaked, which revealed a Spanish minister’s criticism of McKinley. Although Spain accepted McKinley’s Cuban ceasefire deal, public outrage and Congress pushed McKinley to declare war in 1898. McKinley cited the need to stop the horrible miseries enacted on Cubans and to protect American property and lives in Cuba as well as economic interests in Cuban sugar. The US won within only a few months. The most significant part of this war was the rise of American imperialism after the US gained Spanish colonies.

Treaty of Paris

Concluded the Spanish-American War. Spain had to give the US Puerto Rico and Guam, recognize Cuban independence, and give the US the Philippines for $20 M. Ultimately, the nation was split between imperialist and anti-imperialist ideologies, so much so that the treaty had been approved in Congress by just one vote.

Open Door Policy

When China weakened due to political corruption and a failure to modernize, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, and Germany gained economic, or trade, domination throughout China in regions called “spheres of influence.” John Hay, McKinley’s secretary of state, attempted to prevent the US from losing access to Chinese trade in 1899 by asking the nations to accept the idea that all would have equal trading privileges in China. Although replies were evasive, no country declined the concept, and thus was considered a “success”.

Boxer Rebellion

In 1900, the Society of Boxers attacked foreign settlements and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries. To protect Americans, US troops marched to Beijing and ended the rebellion. This event caused nations with spheres of influences in China to force the nation to pay a huge indemnity, further weakening the empire.

Panama Canal

Started in 1904, this was completed in 1914. Largely inspired by the US’s need for a canal to go from Puerto Rico in the Caribbeans to the Philippines in the Pacific quicker. Hundreds of laborers died during construction. Built under Theodore Roosevelt, and although Americans were happy with it, Roosevelt used aggressive tactics to establish the rights to its construction. Roosevelt orchestrated a revolt for Panama’s independence from Columbia in 1903 because of Columbia’s refusal for the US to build the canal, in which it was a success and the US got its rights to build it from Panama. Wilson and Congress voted in 1921 to pay Colombia an indemnity of $25 M for its loss of the area where this was built to support Wilson’s agenda for moral policies.

Mexican Revolution

President Woodrow Wilson became enmeshed in the twists and turns of this, which lasted through the 1910s. This began with the ousting of an autocratic leader in 1910. This soon degenerated into a civil war that left nearly a million of the nation’s population dead.

Progressive Movement

Causes included: the growing power of big business, economic uncertainties, increasingly violent conflicts between employees and employers, political machine power, Jim Crow segregation in the South, lack of women’s suffrage, and prohibition. A diverse group, from Protestant church leaders, feminists, union leaders, to African Americans. Ultimately, all groups wanted government intervention to fix political, economic, or societal issues.

19th Amendment

Ratified in 1920 and guaranteed women’s right to vote in all elections at the local, state, and national levels.

Laissez-faire economics

The ideology that there should be minimal government intervention in the US economy.

Trust Busting

Theodore Roosevelt’s pursuit to end “bad trusts” that harmed the public and damaged competition. Meanwhile, “good trusts” were regulated instead because they were efficient and lowered prices.

American Expeditionary Force

Commanded by General Pershing. Army made up of men from the draft and volunteers who plugged up weaknesses on the French/British lines in Europe. Eventually, hundreds of thousands of these American troops took over the western front of WW1. Ultimately aided the Allies win WW1.

Espionage Act

Passed 1917, demanded imprisonment of up to 20 years for people who incited rebellion in the armed forces or obstructed the draft

“Red Scare”

Post-WW1, 1919, anti-communist ideologies in America grew due to the fear of a communist infiltration after the Russian Revolution succeeded. Additionally, it also led to increased xenophobia and the Palmer Raids.

Nativism

The ideology that people needed to protect the rights of native-born citizens against the interest of immigrants. Specifically, to protect White Anglo-Saxon Protestant natives from immigrants who could make job markets more competitive as they would work for lower wages, and immigrants were also hated due to racial discrimination.

Henry Ford

His assembly line, a conveyor belt that pushed a piece of his car model to a worker to then ultimately end up being fully assembled with other pieces, revolutionized America by both proliferating the presence of the automobile in America and by enhancing manufacturing.

Advertising

This industry also changed a great deal in the 1920s. This and public relations men tapped into the ideas of psychology. The industry attempted to reach the public on a subconscious level, rather than just presenting products and services in a straightforward manner.

Jazz Singer

First movie to have synchronized sound and music, ending the silent film era. It is important to understand that American culture revolved around cinema, as three quarters of all Americans attended the cinema weekly.

Flappers

Women who didn’t follow traditional social standards. This involved cutting their hair short, or “bobbing,” smoking, drinking, and showing their ankles in public. Symbol of women’s liberation during the 1920s.

Harlem Renaissance

The revival of the arts and intellectual pursuits of the recently migrated black population in NYC. Included the birth of jazz with Louis Armstrong and writers like Langston Hughes.

Lost Generation

Titled by Gertude Stein. This was a group of writers like Fitzgerald and Hemingway. They wrote about how the generation that lived through WW1 lost previously inherited values, and became emotionally barren while facing a harsh reality that was created due to the postwar conditions of the nation.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

Started out as a violent, racist group with its roots in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War, but died out in the 1880s. In the 1920s the organization was reborn. By 1925, it had grown to three million members, according to its own estimate. It was devoted to white supremacy and “100 percent Americanism.” This was evident in a number of race riots in the United States in the late 1910s and 1920s

Black Thursday

October 24, 1929, there was an unprecedented volume of selling on Wall Street, and stock prices plunged. To attempt to ease this, a group of bankers bought millions of dollars of stock, but only worked for one day.

Black Tuesday

On October 29th, 1929, the prosperous economy finally crashed with the stock market after an unsettling week, where shareholders attempted to continue selling their stock when no buyers were found. This crash was a long process, but this date in particular signified the climax of this crash. $40 B worth of stock was lost, which is more than what WW1 costed the US.

Glass-Steagall Act

Passed in 1933 under FDR’s New Deal program for the reform of economic institutions. Regulated banks by limiting how they could invest people’s money due to the people’s concern.

Second New Deal

FDR launched this in 1935 after his first program. This concentrated on relief and reform, excluding the “recovery” in the previous program.

Roosevelt Recession

President Roosevelt’s move to cut spending on New Deal programs in 1938 caused a downturn in economic activity

Purchase of Alaska

In 1867, William Sewerd, the secretary of state of both Lincoln and Johnson, proposed to buy this land for $7.2 M, but was branded as “Sewerd’s Folly.” It was seen as an empty icy land, but in 1898, gold was discovered and American imperialism was kickstarted due to this discovery on top of the fact that the western frontier had closed.

Imperialists

Argued for American expansion for access to more resources, global markets, White racial and Christian superiority because they believed other groups needed them to advance in society due to their superior medicine, science, and technology (argued by Josiah Strong), and land for naval bases which was inspired by Alfred Thayer Mahan’s book explaining that a strong navy makes a country strong due to the ability to capture global markets. Also used Darwinism, that only the strongest will survive, to justify the conquest of weaker nations.

Anti-Imperialists

Argued against American expansion for nations’ independence as it would contradict the founding principles of the US, they feared interventionist consequences including foreign war (inspired by George Washington), believed imperialism was too expensive due to naval construction, and fear that conquered nations wont have Constitutional rights (especially regarding scorned populations/races like the in the Philippines)

Annexation of the Philippines

The aftermath of the Treaty of Paris only lead to more war as Aguinaldo, a Filipino nationalist leader who was upset because the Philippines did not gain complete independence, led guerrilla fighters against the US for 3 years, in which he lost. This resulted in 5,000 American deaths and several hundred thousand Filipino deaths (most were civilians who died from disease)

Annexation of Hawaii

In 1898, the US annexed this country after Queen Liliuokalani was previously overthrown by American settlers in 1893 in an attempt to get Hawaii to be annexed to avoid tariffs on the sugar the nation exported. Although President Cleveland denied the annexation at the time, the US needed this nation in 1898 for more control in the Pacific due to the annexation of the Philippines, as there was no land between the Philippines and the US, making travel difficult.

Platt Amendment

Amendment that Cuban officials had to accept in order for US troops to be withdrawn from Cuba in 1901. This amendment forced Cuba to not impair its independence, to permit the US to intervene in Cuba’s affairs to maintain independence, law, and order, and to allow the US to keep its naval bases in Cuba. This caused the Cuban government to have little independence, as Cuban affairs were ultimately influenced by American interests.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed American corruption during the Progressive era. Negatively titled by Theodore Roosevelt. An example is Upton Sinclair’s the Jungle, which revealed the horrid conditions of meat factories, another is Jacob Riis who revealed the poor conditions of New York’s tenements.

Secret Ballot

Progressive policy to end political machines’ political influence. In the early 1900s, voting in public was practiced, which enabled political machines to intimidate voters into ensuring that they voted for the machine’s chosen candidate. However, this method of voting was used by all states by 1910, in which it made the voting process private.

Political bosses

Did favors for the community in exchange for votes. A major issue in progressives’ way, as they damaged democracy in urban areas as they influenced how people voted.

17th Amendment

In the Gilded Age, many senators were elected into office by big business owners, creating corruption in state legislatures. However, in 1913, this amendment was passed and it gave the people power to vote for senators rather than state legislatures.

18th Amendment

Ratified 1919, made alcohol illegal. Largely fought for by women, the Anti-Saloon League, and the American Temperance Society. A major victory of the prohibition movement, which blamed alcohol for criminal behavior and causes for dangerous behavior in society. However, the 21st Amendment repealed this amendment in 1933 due to rising criminal activity, most significantly Al Capone’s mafia that smuggled bootleg alcohol that helped him manage prostitution and gambling.

Initiative; referendum; and recall

Voters could require legislators to consider a bill that they chose to ignore; voters could vote on the adoption of proposed laws; and voters had a way to remove a corrupt politician before their term was complete. Largely expanded democracy

Palmer Raids

At the peak of the Red Scare, Attorney General Palmer ordered J. Edgar Hoover to secretly obtain information on suspected leftist radicals. This led to the mass arrest of socialists, radicals, labor union leaders.

Emergency Quota Act

In 1921, this law limited immigration to 3% of the foreign population measured by the 1910 census. Inspired by rising American nativism.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

This protective tariff was signed by President Hoover in 1930. Inspired by American isolationism following WW1. Crippled the US’s international market power and worsened farmers’ overproduction issue because they lost international markets that helped them sell their surplus crop. A major reason as to the cause of the Great Depression.

Buying on Margin/Speculation

A practice that was the primary cause of the stock market crash leading to the Great Depression. It was the common practice of borrowing money to buy stock and using profits from the stock market to pay the borrowed money back. This ultimately enabled shareholders to not be able to pay back their borrowed money once the stock market fell, prolonging the effects of the crash.

Hoovervilles

During the Great Depression, those who lost their homes due to debt and poverty ended up in neighborhoods made up of scrap. Named after President Hoover as a criticism for his laissez-faire economic policies, which was accurately blamed as the cause of the depression.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Guaranteed people’s bank deposits with federal money. This was in response to the cause of the Great Depression and the failure of banks to reopen and repay depositors, created in 1933.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Regulated the stock market to prevent buying on margin and insider trading, which was largely blamed for the crash of the stock market of the Great Depression. Also required an examination of records or financial accounts of, and financial disclosure by, corporations to protect investors from fraud and insider trading.

Cash and Carry

FDR attempted to minimally intervene in Europe early on in WW2 because of isolationist opinion throughout America. In 1939, FDR persuaded Congress to pass a looser Neutrality Act that allowed Allies to purchase armaments from the US as long as they paid in cash and used their own ships to transport the cargo. Largely benefited Britain because the nation controlled the seas at the time.

Pearl Harbor

December 7th, 1941, Japanese planes bombed this naval base in Hawaii, killing 2400 Americans. Caused FDR to enter WW2 as well as Nazi Germany declare war on the US.

Jingoism

Intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy. Imperialists used this ideology to justify imperialism, specifically the Spanish-American War.