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Niccolò Machiavelli
A Renaissance humanist and writer known for his political theories, particularly in 'The Prince,' which advises rulers on how to maintain power.
The Prince
A political treatise by Machiavelli, advising that 'the ends justify the means' in governance.
Humanism
An intellectual movement during the Renaissance that emphasized secularism, individuality, and a revival of Greco-Roman civilization.
Raphael
A Renaissance artist known for his painting 'The School of Athens,' which reflects humanist ideals by depicting classical philosophers.
Colombian Exchange
The exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between the New World and Europe following Columbus's voyages.
95 Theses
Martin Luther's document that criticized the Catholic Church's practices, specifically the sale of indulgences, which sparked the Protestant Reformation.
Printing Press
An invention by Gutenberg that revolutionized the spread of information, increasing literacy and the dissemination of ideas such as those of the Reformation.
Calvinism
A branch of Protestantism founded by John Calvin, emphasizing predestination and the sovereignty of God in salvation.
Peace of Augsburg
A 1555 agreement allowing German princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as their state's religion, marking a significant step in the Reformation.
Absolutism
A form of government where the monarch holds all power, justified by the belief in the divine right of kings.
Mercantilism
An economic theory that emphasizes the importance of accumulating wealth, usually in the form of gold and silver, through trade and colonization.
Scientific Revolution
A period of transformation in scientific thought during the 16th and 17th centuries, marked by advancements in mathematics, physics, astronomy, and biology.
Enlightenment
An intellectual movement in the 18th century emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority, profoundly influencing modern political thought.
Deism
The belief in a rational God who created the universe but does not interfere in its workings, popular among Enlightenment thinkers.
Rousseau
An Enlightenment thinker who advocated for democracy and the social contract, emphasizing that government should be based on the general will of the people.
Witchcraft Craze
A period of intense witch hunts in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, often targeting single women, fueled by religious and social tensions.
Age of Exploration
A period from the 15th to 17th centuries characterized by European exploration and colonization, leading to the discovery of new lands and trade routes.
Edict of Nantes
A 1598 declaration by Henry IV of France granting religious tolerance to Huguenots and marking the end of the civil war between Catholics and Protestants.
Louis XIV
The 'Sun King' of France who exemplified absolutism, centralized royal power, and expanded France's territories while promoting the arts.
Peter the Great
The Tsar of Russia known for his extensive reforms aimed at westernizing and modernizing Russia in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
Frederick the Great
The King of Prussia known for his military victories, enlightenment reforms, and the expansion of Prussia's territories.
Counter-Reformation
The period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming the Church and countering Protestantism.
Treaty of Westphalia
A series of peace treaties concluded in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe and marked the beginning of modern state sovereignty.
Social Contract Theory
The theory that individuals consent, either explicitly or implicitly, to form a society and abide by its rules, central to Enlightenment thought.
Empiricism
A philosophical theory advocating that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience, significant during the Scientific Revolution.
Natural Rights
The Enlightenment concept that individuals are inherently entitled to life, liberty, and property, influencing modern democratic thought.
Habsburg Dynasty
A royal family that played a significant role in European politics from the late middle ages through the early modern period, known for their vast empire.
Industrial Revolution
A period of major industrialization and innovation during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, transforming economies from agrarian to industrial.
Colonialism
The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
Secularization
The process of the declining influence of religion on society and the separation of religious institutions from governmental institutions.
Baroque Art
An artistic style characterized by dramatic expression, vibrant colors, and grandeur, prevalent in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Renaissance
A cultural movement from the 14th to the 17th century that marked a revival of interest in the classical art and intellectual achievements of ancient Greece and Rome.
Reformation
A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestantism and significant changes in the Catholic Church.
Human Rights
The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, often rooted in Enlightenment thought.
Capitalism
An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the creation of goods or services for profit.
Mercantilist Policies
Economic policies that promote government regulation of a nation's economy to augment state power at the expense of rival national powers.
Absolutist Monarchs
Rulers who hold total power over the state and who often claim their authority derives from divine right.
Salons
Social gatherings in Enlightenment France where intellectuals, artists, and philosophers would discuss ideas, fostering the exchange of thoughts.
Atlantic Slave Trade
The trade of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas, lasting from the 16th to the 19th century.
Baroque Architecture
A style of architecture that emerged in the late 16th century, noted for its elaborate decorations and grandeur, seen in many European churches and palaces.
Utilitarianism
An ethical theory that promotes actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the majority.
Socialism
An economic and political system based on public or collective ownership of the means of production.
Congress of Vienna
A conference held in 1814-1815 aimed at restoring order and stability in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.
Protestant Reformation
A 16th-century movement aimed at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, leading to the creation of Protestant churches.
Baroque Music
A style of Western classical music composed from approximately 1600 to 1750, characterized by ornamentation, contrasting elements, and expressive melodies.
Scientific Method
A systematic approach to research developed in the Scientific Revolution involving observation, experimentation, and the formulation of laws.
Enlightenment Despotism
A form of absolute monarchy in which rulers are influenced by Enlightenment ideas and implement reforms while maintaining their power.
Mercantilism vs. Capitalism
Mercantilism focuses on accumulating wealth through trade policies favoring the state, while capitalism emphasizes private ownership and profit.
The Age of Reason
An alternative term for the Enlightenment period, highlighting the emphasis on reason and individualism over tradition.
Romanticism
An artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature versus industrialization.
Civic Humanism
A form of humanism that emphasizes the responsibility of individuals to actively participate in civic life and governance.
The Enlightenment and Democracy
The Enlightenment promoted democratic ideals, emphasizing the role of reason and individual rights, influencing modern democratic systems.
Hapsburg Monarchy
A major European dynasty that ruled over various territories including the Holy Roman Empire and Austria for centuries.
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