MIBO 2500 Exam 4

Which immune response is capable of having its full response immediately?

Innate

Which immune system has a delay in achieving full response?

Adaptive

Does Innate response have memory capability?

No, it does not have memory, which also means it cannot be specific

T or F, we are born with adaptive responses, but we need to be exposed by a microbe to gain innate responses?

F, its the opposite

What is special about the skin as an innate barrier?

It’s outermost cells are dead, filled with keratin and repels water.

Since it is dead, skin is constantly being replaced

Where does the mucous membrane exist?

digestive, respiratory and genitourinary tracts

What feature of the mucous membrane makes it efficient at trapping microbes?

Cilia in mucus

What are the 5 antimicrobial substances in the human body?

Sweat, Lysozyme, Peroxidase enzyme, Lactoferrin and Defensins.

Why is sweat antimicrobial?

High in salt, and contains antimicrobial enzymes

How is Lysozyme antimicrobial>

It targets peptidoglycan

How is Peroxidase enzyme antimicrobial?

Produces oxidizing compounds (in saliva + milk)

How is Lactoferrin antimicrobial

It is iron-binding (in saliva, mucus and milk)

What do defensins do

disrupt bacterial membranes

What is the purpose of a normal microbiota?

provide competition

bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses act as competitors while some also can produce toxic substances to keep other bacteria from forming

Which organ systems do not have normal flora?

muscular, lymphatic, endocrine, nervous, circulatory systems

What do Neutrophils do?

(most common WBC) engulf + destroy bacteria

What are Basophils

WBCs that respond to allergic reactions + inflammations

What are Eosinophils?

WBCs that respond to parasitic worms

What are Monoculcear phagocytes

Monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells

What is the function of a macrophage

engulfment and destruction

What is a cytokine?

“voices” of cell/Human-Human cell communication in response to antigen

What are 3 examples of what cytokines can do?

-induce apoptosis

-metabolic activation

-call t-cell to differentiate into something

what are pattern recognition receptors

receptors on a cell surface(in cytoplasm + phagosomes), found on cell surface.

Responsible for detecting PAMPs + signs of microbial invasion

What do PRPs detect from PAMPs?

Cell Wall components(LPS, peptidoglycan etc)

Flagella subunits(tail of virus)

Viral RNA

T or F, DAMPs cannot trigger PRPs

False, they can trigger them

What are the 4 examples of DAMPs

1. extracellular dna from possible cell rupture floating around

2. extracellular mitochondria same as #1

3. Heat shock protein released from stressed cell

4. extracellular ATP

What are TLRs

Toll-like receptors

Anchored in membranes

detects PAMPs + DAMPs

What are NLRs?

Nod-like receptors

Found in cytoplasm

detects PAMPs, DAMPs

What are RLRs?

Rig-like receptors

found in cytoplasm

detects non human RNA + Interferons

What is an Interferon?

A cytokine RELEASED by infected cells

It diffuses to neighboring cells to ALERT

Neighboring cells PRODUCE ANTIVIRAL PROTEIN

Apoptosis of neighboring cells to prevent spreading

What is the Complement system?

Inactive proteins that circulate the blood + body

Functions to support the immune system

T or F, Complement proteins are the same as cytokines

F, they have similar properties for communicating response, but they are not cytokines

What is Complement Parent Protein splitting?

A parent protein wanders blood stream, and when in preparation for activation it splits.

What does Mannose Binding Lectin do in a complement system?

Inflammatory response, stimulates splitting

T or F, complement protein splitting decreases before an infection

F

How do complement proteins work?

By binding to surface of pathogens or antigens

What are the six steps of Phagocytosis

1. Chemotaxis

2. Recognize Microbe + Attach

3. Engulfment of Agent

4. Form a Phagolysosome (compartment)

5. Destruction/chopping/killing of microbes

6. Exocytosis

What are Macrophages

phagocytes that are everyday protectors

-ingest dead cell, debris

-can call for help

-TLRs to detect invaders

What are special about Macrophages?

They can be activated to have increased size and destructive power and division (by T-helper)

What are Neutrophils

Rapid responders

eliminate invaders quickly (stronger than macrophages)

What is NETosis

death of neutrophil—> de-condensed DNA + granules

CREATES TRAPS THAT KEEPS KILLING MICROBES

What is the main purpose of inflammation?

Contain site of infection

localize response

eliminates invader to restore function of tissue

What are the signs of inflammation

Redness, warmth, pain and swelling

Does inflammation always lead to altered function of the tissue?

No, it depends on the area that is affected

Describe the steps of inflammation:

1. PAMPs or DAMPs are detected by TLR or NLRs

2. Cytokines complement proteins (complement system)

3. Inflammation

Select all that occur during Inflammation?

1. Small blood vessels dilate

2. More WBCs recruited to area

3. Small blood vessels constrict

4. Fibrin(clotting factors) wall off site

5. Dead cells(neutrophils etc) + debris accumulate = PUS

1. Small blood vessels dilate

2. More WBCs recruited to area

3. Fibrin(clotting factors) wall off site

4. Dead cells(neutrophils etc) + debris accumulate = PUS

What are the contents that could accumulate as pus?

dead bacteria, cellular debris and tissue fluid

What does liquefaction of tissue refer to during inflammation?

Tissue around the infected area may be broken down, adding onto the accumulating pus aka inflammatory exudate(dead cell fluid)

Why is firbin formation essential/how does it relate to infection?

Fibrin can accumulate to wall off an infection(localize), but it also can add up into the pus

What is the term for a fibrous capsule forming around an infected area that is inflamed causing lots of pain?

Abscess!

What allows for abscesses to rupture?

Continued accumulation of pus + old tissue

What word describes a small, raised inflamed bumb, predominantly caused by clogging of hair follicles with oil(sebum) and dead skin cells.

Pimple

What term describes a localized collection of pus(predominantly superficial, within tissue) that causes severe pain?

Abscess

What kind of inflammation is short term, mostly neutrophils, but utilizes macrophages for cleanup?

ACUTE INFLAMMATION

What kind of inflammation is long term, consists of mainly macrophages(GIANT MACROPHAGES TOO)?

Chronic Inflammation

What kind of inflammation leads to granulomas?

(think piercing bump, does it go away?)

Chronic Inflammation

Describe the layers of a Granuloma:

innermost: the microbe lies in the middle

1st layer: giant macrophages contain it

2nd: T-cells, tell macrophages to grow

3rd: Caseum: dead tissue

4th: Fibroblasts, make collagen to localize

At what temp is a fever considered a “fever”

37.8C/100F

Why are mild fevers beneficial?

1. increased phagocytic killing

2. more lymphocyte production

3. more attractants for neutrophils

4. more interferons(cytokines) + antibodies

What happens to all the benefits of fever if the fever lasts too long or gets too hot?

All the actions decrease

What kind of pyrogen is HUMAN cytokine produced by macrophages in response to TLR-detected microbes?

Endogenous Pyrogens

(think Made ENDO(inside))

What kind of pyrogen is a NON HUMAN substance made by microbes to induce a fever?

Exogenous Pyrogens

(think made Outside of Human)

What kind of toxin is produced by LIVE bacteria, causing increase in temp?

Exotoxins

What kind of toxin is a part of microbial structure, released on death of microbe.

Endotoxins

What kind of immunity is specific to antigen, delayed response and utilizes memory cells?

Adaptive Immunity

What is an Active antibody response?

Patient’s own B-cells create the antibody

What is a passive antibody response?

Person recieves someone else’s antibody

What is an active NATURAL vs ARTIFICIAL antibody response?

Natural: “true” infection

Artifical: Vaccination

What is a Passive NATURAL response vs ARTIFICIAL?

NATURAL: antibodies in breast milk

ARTIFICIAL: antibody infusion

Which antibody response gets a delayed full effect, but has cell memory?

ACTIVE antibody response

What kind of antibody response does not gain cell memory?

Passive antibody response

What is the response in which B-cells make antibodies?

Humoral response

How do B-cells work?

In order to bind to pathogen, it releases it’s BCRs as antibodies(y-shaped) to stick to specific pathogens.

What is a Memory B-cell?

A B-cell that stays inactive until the body is RE-exposed to the same pathogen, then it becomes a plasma cell

What is a Plasma Cell?

An activated B-cell thanks to directions by a T-helper.

SECRETES ANTIBODIES

How do B-cells function alongside Helper T-cells?

It breaks down pathogens/foreign substance into antigen particles and present them on the surface using a MHC II receptor for a Helper T-cell to give instructions

Describe a B-cell memory concentration graph

slow incline of memory cells after initial exposure, primary response causes a spike, and then a dip back down until secondary exposure. At secondary exposure, MEMORY B CELLS recognize the same pathogens and activate causing a rapid incline

What are T-Cells, how are they different from B-cells

T-Cells do not produce antibodies, but they personally kill the infected or cancer cells

How are MHC I used differently than MHC II?

MHC I is used by sick WBCs to present the antigen for killing

MHC II is used by healthy cells to activate itself

What are Innate Phagocytes?

regulators of adaptive immune activity SPECIFICALLY T-CELLS

Which are True about Innate Phagocytes?

A. Do not have memory

B. Not specific to species

C. considered an Adaptive response

D. tells T-cells what to do, proliferate? Leave it alone? 

E. CANNOT INCREASE / REDUCE INFLAMMATION

A

B

D

What is the difference between TLR4 vs TLR2?

TLR4 detects PAMPs or DAMPs + releases cytokine IL-1 to induce fever, activate WBCs (RESPONSE TO PATHOGENIC CONTACT)

TLR2 detects healthy normal human cells —> IL-10 to REDUCE fever, tell T-cells to stop

Are antibodies binded to a WBC called BCRs?

NO! they are released from the B-cell so they are considered antibodies

What is Neutralization?

Antibodies coat a virus, preventing movement and its release of toxins

What is opsonization?

enhances phagocytosis by tagging specific antigens

What is aggregation?

When 2 arms of the antibody binds to 2 different antigens to prevent binding etc

What is antibody-dependent cellular cytoxicity (ADCC)

targeting cells for destruction by natural killer cells

What are Natural Killer Cells

Kill anything that is not ordinary, if MHC I is missing(sick cells cant present MHC) or if coated with antibodies

What are the 5 different antibodies?

IgM,G,A,E,D

MY GF ANGELA EATS DUCK

What is IgM? M=megaladon

Pentamer antibody

-1st of primary response (to T-independent antigens)

-Large size prevents crossing into tissues

-triggers complement system

T or F, IgM is so big that it cannot cross into tissues from the blood stream

T

T or F, IgM can’t activate B-cell without help from T helper cells

F, they can act independently

What is IgG? G=gyaaaaaaat

Monomer

Longest protection (21 day half life)

primary placenta crosser

protects using 6 protective outcomes

What happens to maternal IgG?

it increases in the infant through breast milk, but degrades over 6 months, allowing for the infant to produce its own.

what is IgA? A=Acrid(gross)

Dimer

Mucosal immunity

appears in mucousy areas

neutralizes toxins + interfers w attachments

made by MALT plasma cells

T or F, IgA contains a secretory polypeptide which assist in mucosal attachments

T

What is IgE? E=epinepherine

Monomer

binds to surface of basophils + mast cells(enhances detection)

leads to release of histamine + other inflammatory mediators

ALLERGIC GUY

What is IgD

Monomer

lesser known, not much research

assists in B-cell maturation

what are NLRs?

Nod-like receptors, triggered by PAMPs and DAMPs

What are RLRs?

Rig-like-receptors, triggered by nonhuman RNA