AP Psych Unit 2 - Thinking and Intelligence

All Sections (under development)

Assimilation

Encountering new information and incorporating that into the schema

Accommodation

Break schema in order to include new information

Algorithm

A methodical, logical rule/procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem

Heuristic

Check a place/group where the answer might be instead of every option

Insight

Sudden realization of a solution

Functional Fixedness

The inability to recognize a different than normal solution =

Mental Set

Tendency to persist using the same problem-solving technique that worked in the past

Intuition

An automatic thought/feeling without explicit conscious reasoning

Representative Heuristic

Reasoning based on stereotypes or similar events working in a particular way

Availability Heuristic

Thinking something is more likely to happen because it just happened (recently)

Framing/Wording Effect

The way something is presented or worded impacts how people respond to it

Gambler’s Fallacy

The outcome of an event is more likely to occur based on the outcomes of previous events

Sunk-Cost Fallacy

Because so much time/effort/money has been spent its not worth to stop

Belief Perseverance

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after someone/thing disappointed them

G(eneral) Intelligence

Multiple factors make up intelligence and being good all of them is high intelligence

Multiple Intelligence

There are 8 types of intelligence and everyone has them to different degree

Three Intelligences

Intelligence has three parts

IQ Calculation

Mental Age / Chronological Age * 100

Standarization

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

Flynn Effect

The average IQ had increased over time

Validity

The test measures what it set out to measure

Predictive Validity

The scores with which a measurement predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

Reliability

The consistency of a test's results over time or across different conditions

Crystallized Intenlligence

The accumulation of knowledge and skills acquired through experience

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to reason and think flexibly

Growth Mindset

Abilities and intelligence can be developed

Fixed Mindset

Abilities and intelligence are innate and cannot be changed

Stereotype Threat

Self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Executive Functions

High-level cognitive abilities allowing for problem solving and decision making

Divergent Thinking

Expanding the possible number of solutions

Convergent Thinking

Lots of possibilities that need one answer

Concept

Mental groups of objects, events, ideas, or people perceived as similar

Prototype

A mental image or example that serves as the album cover for a category of items and allow for ease of organization