the italian renaissance was known for cultural achievements (writers, painters, sculptors, and “renaissance men”)
figures such as petrarch, leonardo di vinci, raphael, dante alighieri

the artists and thinkers of the northern renaissance were more focused on christianity and less on the ancient greek and rome ideas

why did the roman catholic church object to people interpreting the bible themselves

martin luther used his knowledge of the bible to criticize the church’s ideas and practices

what are the three principal differences between protestantism and catholicism

the belief that faith alone serves (protestantism)
the belief that the scriptures alone have the key to christian truth (protestantism)
the belief that in the priesthood of all believers (protestantism)
good deads and confession could undo past sins (catholic)
scriptures had been supplemented with various traditions, such as communion (catholic)
a strict hierarchy was in place where bishops, priests and the pope served as intermediaries between the common people (catholic)

the printing press, luther translated the new testament to their native language (german)

the circulation of luther's ideas led to revolts because they hoped luther’s assault would help liberate them

how did the english reformation differ from the lutheran and calvinist reformations

scientists began to base truth on their own observation rather than faith
sir francis bacon stated that real science involved the formulation of hypothesis’s that can be tested

WHAT: new shifts in ideology emphasizing reason over tradition and individualism over community views
WHAT: makes society better through human accomplishment and understanding of natural world: does not deny religion but changes/challenges the scope of its control
DUE TO: scientific revolution, more cultural diffusion of ideas from empires, trade, and global connectivity expanding
IMPACT: clash between new and old ideas leads to revolutions

IMPORTANT PEOPLE

john locke: argued that people had natural rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of property, meaning via the social contract people can rebel against unjustified government
Thomas Hobbes: argued that life was bleak and harsh so people gave up rights to a strong government for law and order via the social contract
Baron Montesquieu: idea of checks and balances through separation of branches of government
Voltaire: ideas centered on religious liberty
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: idea that people have a collective ‘general will’ and so the government is obligated to follow it
Adam Smith: called for laissez-faire, meaning governments “leave alone” the economy: leads to capitalism
Thomas Paine: advocated liberty from britain, also wrote about/defended deism
Mary Wollestonecraft: argued females should receive the same education as males; believed would help women get the same rights/equality

The ‘Isms’

Abolitionism: movement to end the atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people
Capitalism: Economic system in which means of production are privately owned and operated for profit
Conservatism: belief in traditional institutions, favors practical experience not theories
Deism: belief that a divine being set natural laws into motion: scientific study helps to understand natural laws
Empiricism: knowledge comes from the senses, from what you observe, through experiments, not through faith alone or religion
Feminism: movement for women’s rights and equality
Liberalism (classical): belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez- faire economy
Nationalism: feelings of intense loyalty to others who share language or culture; idea those who share a culture should have their own independent nation (will lead to more modern states)
Socialism: economic and political system where means of products are either owned by the public or by the workers: includes the fabian society
Zionism: desire of jews to re establish an independent homeland in the middle east (where ancestors have lived); way to be safe against persecution by owning own land