Biology 1407 Review

Abundance vs. richness

Abundance- % of species population is an ecosystem

Richness- # of species in an ecosystem

trophic levels

1. Producers

2. Primary consumers

3. Secondary consumers

4. Tertiary consumers

5. decomposers

What is Natural Selection?

It is a mechanism of evolution; it leads to biodiversity and speciation

Darwin’s Postulates

Environmental- modifications b/c food, climate/weather, natural disaster

Competition- struggles for resources (predation &intraspecies), disease, fitness

Variation- individual populations vary, the inheritable traits

artificial selection- modification via selective breeding

Anagenic vs. cladogenic

A- gradual change of one species to a new form (# doesn’t change)

C- two or more species share an ancestor

Prezygotic barriers

Temporal isolation- Different reproductive times

Mechanical isolation- Not the right fit/phyically different

habitual/ecological isolation

Behavior  isolation- mating rituals

Gametic isolation- matting occurs, egg + spem don’t fuse (fish)

order of taxa

(Dear King Philip came over for good soup)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, group, species

general structure of prokaryotes

Capsul (can produce biofilms)

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Ribosomes

nucleoid

Unicellular

Circular DNA

Endospores (pies that can come back to life)

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

binary fission

protist information to know

mostly unicellular

Few colonial

Very simple

Very diverse (polyphygenic)

Mostly photoautrophs (02 production, make up plankton)

Can have cell wall

Some parasitic

Mostly asexual 

features of nonvascular plants

No true roots, stems, leaves

Gametophyte dominant

Must have water to reproduce

features of seedless vascular plants

Have a stem

Xylem and phloem (Tracheid cells)

Monoecious

Leaves are bigger and flatter

Grow taller here

features of seed plants

Most complex

Heterosporous (male pollen= microspore)

seeds= dispersal, store food for dormancy

Sporophyte dominant

invertebrate classification criteria

Coelum, symmetry, developmental pattern, & segmentation

protostome

mouth to anus

deuterostome

anus to mouth

characteristics all chordates have in common

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve space, post-anal tail, pharyngeal gill slits/pouch

features of all birds

feathers/wings

Hallow bones

Reptilian scales on legs

Parental care

Small clutches (# of eggs produced)

Endothermic

4 chambered heart, 2 circuits

Altrical (undeveloped young) or precocial (more developed young)

R-selective

Fast growths rate, usually short life span

Large # offspring

No parental care

Mature early

K-selective

Slow growth rate, longer life

Smaller # of offspring

Parental care

Usually larger animals

difference between apical and axillary meristem?

apical- up

axillary- outward

Platyhelminthes

Flatworms (sea slugs, tapeworms, planarians)

Aceolmate

Self-fertilizate

Move w/ cilila and muscle layers

Can have eyespots

Nematoda

Round worms (Pineworms & heart worms)

Many Parasitic

Non segmented

Think cuticle (skin)

Shed (ecdysis)

Pseudocelomate

Triploblastic

Hexapoda

Six legs

Most have antennae

Pollinate

Decopmoers

3 body divisions

Insects

Agnatha

Lampreys & hagfish

No fins/scales

Distant head

3 sense organs (see, smell, hear)

No stomach

Cartilaginous

Chondrichthyes

Sharks, rays, chimaera

Cartilaginous skeleton

Paired fins

Teeth are extensions of skin

Pair of nostrils

Lateral line

Claspers for mating

Move constantly

Sarcopterygii

lobefinned fish

Thick fins w/ bones in

Respire through gills

Can have teeth

Link to amphibians

Tiktalic and ceolacant

Mammalia

Subclass protheria, theria, and placentals

Protheria- cloaca (1 hole for waste + reproduction), no nipples, no external eggs

Theria- marsupials, 1 hole for extertion, 1 hole for reproduction, live births & pouches

Placentals0 placenta at birth, largest animals, live birth, nipples, 

root zones

Root cap

zone of division

Elongation

maturation

general information of protists

 Mostly unicellular, few colonials

-mostly very simple, most are photoautotrophs

-major o2 producers

-make up plankton

-very diverse, hard to classify(polyphyletic)

-can have a cell wall, some parasites, mostly asexual, and few undergo meiosis.