Biology 288 Lecture 9

From DNA to Protein

Out of all the forms of RNA present, which form is translated into proteins?

Out of all the forms of RNA present, which form is translated into proteins?

mRNA

What is the purpose of the promoter region?

The promoter region sits upstream of an important gene in order for other proteins to bind and initiate transcription of that gene

What are intragenic regions?

Regions within the DNA that do not code for anything and need to be removed after transcription (only in eukaryotes)

Where does transcription and translation take place?

Transcription takes place within the nucleus and afterwards the primary transcript enters the cytosol to the ribosomes within the rough endoplasmic reticulum where it begins translation

What role do the ribosomes play in ending translation?

When translation needs to end, the ribosomes within the cytosol degrade the mRNA that is being translated so it can no longer translate

What are prions?

Prions are misfolded proteins which can lead to lethal diseases within the brain

Our body requires many proteins, but most of the genome does not code for anything, what is the benefit of this? explain

If less of the genome is important it will reduce mutations occurring in important regions. If any mutations occur chances are they will occur in the non-coding regions in most cases

What is the function of regulatory proteins?

They regulate secondary and tertiary confirmation changes of the RNA molecules

What is the function of BrDU?

A synthetic nucleotide that can be added in the place of thymine when incorporated into newly synthesized DNA

What is the function of silencing RNA?

RNA strands that interact with RNA in order to regulate the process of translation

What are two ways in which silencing RNAs can regulate transcription?

1. Suppresses transcription

2. Activates a sequence specific RNA degradation process

what is the function of a dicer?

Functions in silencing RNA by recognizing and cleaving dsRNAs into small RNAs

In what direction does transcription occur?

Transcription occurs from 5’-3’ end

Why does transcription only occur in one specific direction?

The direction in which transcription occurs is limited by the RNA polymerase which can only place new nucleotides in the 5’-3’ direction

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

Adds new nucleotides to the strand of RNA being synthesized

What is the function of the stop region?

A region of repetitive Adenine that signals the termination of the current protein being translated

What is the function of a ribosome?

ribosomes take in the newly synthesized mRNA that enters the cytosol and translate them into proteins

What is the function of microRNA?

microRNA regulate gene expression by modifying RNA

What is the function of t-RNA?

carries an amino acid, associates with mRNA molecules, and binds to one of three sites on the large subunit of a ribosome

What is the TATA box?

The TATA box is a promoter sequence that indicates there is a gene downstream that needs to be transcribed

Where can the TATA box be found?

Because it is a promoter sequence, it can be found within the promoter region