AP Bio Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

water is a _____ ______ molecule

polar covalent

electronegativity

ability to attract electrons

oxygen has high or low electronegativity?

high

hydrogen has high or low electronegativity

low

hydrogen bond

bond between partially negative O2 and partially positive H2

** occurs between two DIFFERENT water molecules

cohesion

• water sticking to water

• creates surface tension

• long, continuous column (xylem)

adhesion

water sticking to surfaces (like xylem walls) creating capillary action

high specific heat

amount of energy required to break H-bonds between water molecules

(more energy is required to separate water molecules during phase changes) (high heat of vaporization)

ice is more or less dense than water

less

is there more or less space between water molecules in the solid state than liquid state?

more

water can easily dissolve in _____ cmpds and other _____ molecules

ionic; polar

pH

(“power of hydrogen”) measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

pH < 7

acidic; higher H+ concentration

ph > 7

basic; lower H+ concentration (higher OH- concentration)

pH = 7

neutral

pH is a _______ scale

logarithmic; pH = 3 is 10 times the H+ conc. of a pH = 4 and 100 times the conc. of pH = 5

acids have a high ______ concentration

H+

bases have a high ______ concentraion

OH-

buffers

form acids or bases in response to changing pH levels in the cell

6 macromolecules

1. Nitrogen

2. Carbon

3. Hydrogen

4. Oxygen

5. Phosphorus

6. Sulfur

dehydration synthesis

molecules covalently bond the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another with the removal of a water molecule

hydrolysis

breaking a polymer —> 2 monomers by adding a water moleucle

carbohydrates’ monomer

sugars (saccharides)

carbohydrates are made up of which macromolecules

CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

carbohydrates’ 2 types of structures

1. linear structure (amylose)

2. branched chains (glycogen)

carbohydrates’ 2 types of functions

1. store energy (starch or glycogen)

2. structural function (cellulose)

3 disaccharides and their breakdowns

1. sucrose = glucose + fructose

2. lactose = glucose + galactose

3. maltose = glucose + glucose

lipids are polar or nonpolar? hydrophobic or philic?

nonpolar; hydrophobic

lipids are made up of which macromolecules

CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

saturated fats

• max # of C-H single bonds (NO double bonds)

• solid at room temp

• animals

unsaturated fats

• at least one C=C double bond

• liquid

• plants

nucleic acids’ monomers

nucleotides

nucleic acids are made up of which macromolecules

NCHOP (nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus)

proteins’ monomers

amino acids

proteins are made up of which macromolecules

NCHOS (nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur)

amino acids made up of 5 parts

1. amino group

2. carboxyl group

3. hydrogen atom

4. variable R group

5. all attached to central carbon

amino acids are joined by _____ bonds in primary structure of protein

peptide

____ bonds form between ____ _____ in a ______ _____ to create secondary structure of protein

hydrogen bonds form between amino acids in a polypeptide chain

secondary structures or protein can either be these 2 types

1. alpha helix

2. beta-pleated sheets

tertiary structure of protein are #-dimensional

3D

tertiary structure of protein is determined by the _____/______ interactions between __ - _____ in the polypeptide

hydrophilic/hydrophobic; R-groups

in tertiary structure proteins: hydrophilic R-groups are on the ______ of the protein

surface (in contact with water environment of cell’s cytosol)

in tertiary structure proteins: hydrophobic R-groups are found _____ of the protein

interior (away from watery cytosol)

chaperonins

special proteins that help fold polypeptide into its 3D structure (for tertiary structure of proteins)

quaternary structure of proteins

multiple polypeptide chains (subunits)

nucleic acids’ monomer

nucleotides

3 things that make up nucleotides

1. 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

2. nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G, U)

3. phosphate group

nitrogenous bases of DNA

adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine

nitrogenous bases of RNA

adenine, cytosine, uracil and guanine

function of RNA

transcribes and regulates the expression of genetic information

where is DNA found

nucleus

where is RNA found

nucleus and cytoplasm

pyrimidines

T, U, C

purines

A, G

T and A form how many hydrogen bonds

2

guanine and cytosine form how many hydrogen bonds?

3

each nucleotide strand is connected by what type of bonds

sugar phosphate bonds

the ladder rungs of DNA (nitrogenous bases) are connected by what type of bonds

hydrogen bonds

describe the mutation with sickle cell diseases

caused by RECESSIVE mutation - glutamic acid (acidic side chain) —> valine (nonpolar side chain)

when blood becomes deoxygenated, the mutated hemoglobin molecules form hydrophobic bonds with one another, creating fibers