AP human geo exam studying

Choropleth Map

"Color" Map - Shades a region a color to show a data point

Dot Distribution Map

Uses dots to represent data and the location of the data

Proportional Symbol Map

Uses a symbol to represent data. Size and shade

Cartogram

a map on which statistical information is shown in diagrammatic form - distorted to show how much of a thing is in that area ; bigger the number the more stretched out it looks

Isoline map

lines drawn on a map connecting data points of the same value.

GIS

Data about the Earth's through satellite, etc. - data storage

GPS

Determines the precise location of something on Earth

Robinson Projection

has a nice, global feel but distances aren't accurate, too wide or short

Mercator Projection

it's great to plan, plot, and follow a path but has really bad aerial distortion

Remote Sensing

Data about the earth's surface that has come from a satellite

Distance decay

When a thing becomes less important because of its distances from the origin

Environmental Determinism

A study which argued that general laws sought by human geographers could be found in physical laws

Possibilism

the physical environment may set limits on human actions bu people can adjust to the physical environment

Cartographic Scale

the ratio between the map and the actual world

Geographic Scale

the level of the data that you are looking at. (Country, national, etc.)

Data Scale (Scale of Analysis)

how the data is measured

Formal (uniform) Region

an area where everyone shares a common thing like a language

Functional (nodal) Region

an area organized around a focal point

Region

a area of the Earth defined by certain characteristics

Perceptual (vernacular) Region

an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

Gender Inequality Index (Gll)

how equal/fair a country is based on how equal things are for men and women

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total amount of goods produced in a country . Doesn't include money that leaves and enters the country. Same as GnI

Gross National Income (GNI)

the total money people make in a nation

Gross National Product (GNP)

the total amount of goods produced in a country. Does include money that leaves and enters the country

Human Development Index (HDI)

level development for a country based on education, income, and life expectancy

Less Developed Country (LDC)

A country that hasn't progressed a lot

More Developed Country (MDC)

A country that has progressed a lot

Time-Space Compression

refers to advances in techology and transportation that have reduced the time it takes to communicate/transport

Age Cohort

A group of people born around the same time period from the same population and have experienced certain events

Agricultural Density

the amount of arable land for crops

Anti-natalism

The belief that people should have smaller families, lower birth rates, etc. In law, they would set incentives or punishments to encourage it.

Arithmetic Density

The amount of people divided by the total amount land

Asylum-seeker

Someone who is forced out of their home for a ESPN reason but comes from an unrecognized problem/situation

Brain drain/gain (diaspora)

When highly educated people emigrate/immigrate to a place to find opportunities elsewhere/there (ESPN reason)

Carrying Capacity

how long a place can support a population or sustain before it collapses

Center of Population

A point that is the center of a population geographically. The most geographically dense place where most people are.

Chain Migration

When a person tell their family/friends to move out there with them and they do. (Volunteer migration)

Cornucopian

That the world will have more than enough food to sustain itself

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

# of births/ total population at end of the year * 1000 (30+ is a high rate, 10- is a low rate)

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

# of deaths/ total pop. at end of the year * 1000 (30+ = high, 10- = low)

Demographic Momentum

The tendency for growing populations to keep growing even if the fertility rate declines because of their young age distribution

Doubling Time

How long it would take for a population to double in size

Acculturation

The changes in a culture because of the meeting of two groups, which still retains distinct cultural features

Artifact

An item that represents a part of a culture

Assimilation

When a group's cultural traits are altered to resemble a more dominant group

Built Environment

A object of a group's culture that affects the landscape (temples, government buildings, etc.)

Creole

A language that blends one or more languages to make a new language

Cultural Convergence (Similar to Globalization)

The tendency for cultures to become more similar because of new transportation and technologies

Cultural Landscape

Structures in the landscape made from human activities

Cultural Relativism

Having an understanding of a culture, not based on another culture's rules and tendencies

Culture

A combination of beliefs, social forms, and material traits that make a group's distinct tradition

Culture Trait

A characteristic that helps define or make a culture and are a part of daily life

Dialect

Regional variation in a language

Ethnic Neighborhood (Ethnic Enclave)

A place with a large amount of people in the same ethnic group and is distinct from those in the surrounding areas

Ethnocentrism

Beliefs their ethic group is better/superior

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of a trend to different areas in an additive process

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of a trend to different areas through bodily movement

Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of a trend to different areas from a key person of power/authority

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid spread of a trend throughout a population

Gendered Space

Areas where certain genders of people are welcomed or un-welcomed

Globalization

Being able to connect or share (diffusion) with other people's/ cultures. People's becoming more simillar

Isogloss

Boundaries that separates areas which different language(s) usages predominate

Language Branch

A group of languages within a family that have a ancestral language but isn't as old

Language Family

A group of languages that have a common ancestral language before written history

Material Culture

Things that can be found the landscape

Mentifact

Shared perspectives, products, practices, etc.

Multiculturalism

Multiple cultures in the same space

Orthography

Representing sounds of a language in "letters" (alphabet)

Pidgin

A language that has adopted simplified language (lingua franca)

Pilgrimage

When you travel to a place that is considered sacred for religious purposes

Placelessness

Loss of uniqueness in a cultural landscape

Sequent Occupance

When a cultural is important enough to leave cultural imprints, contributing to the cultural landscape

Sociofact

Structure of a culture which influences social behavior

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an trend but a characteristic is rejected

Syncretism

Combining of two or more group's elements into a new cultural feature

Toponym

A word or phrase for a location on earth

Ethnicity

A group who share cultural traditions of a particular place

Race

A group who share a lookable/physiological trait (skin color)

Nationality

a group who share legal attachment to a county

Elderly Support Ratio

The working population divided by the 65+ population; How many of the older people rely on the working population

Epidemiological Transition

A changing pattern of population distributions in relation to CBR , CDR, life expectancy, etc.

Guest Worker (Time-Contract Worker)

A person temporarily working in another country

Internal Migration

Moving within a country like state-to-state, etc.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced out of their home for a ESPN reason but is still inside their home country

International Migration

Moving from one country to another country

Interregional Migration

Moving from one region of a country to another like moving from Midwest to Southern America

Intervening Obstacle/Opportunity

An cultural or environmental trait/feature that hinders/helps migration

Intraregional migration

Movement within a single region

J-curve

an exponential J-looking curve. Projection Population

Life Expectancy (Longevity Rate)

How long a person is to live based on the conditions of the place they're in

Malthus, Thomas

Said that the world's food will grow arithmetically while the population will grow geometrically and people will starve and die of the lack of food.

Migration Selectivity

the pattern of certain groups of people to migrate

Natural Disaster

A natural hazard that happen and had consequences on the environment and human activities

Naturalization

A legal process to become a citizen of a country

Neo-Malthusians

People who believe the population is growing too fast for food production to keep up. Advocate for Anti-Natalist policies

Overpopulation

When an area's population goes past the carrying capacity and it can't sustain itself

Physiological Density

The number of persons per unit of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

Population Aging ("greying'')

a population where the percentage of 65+ is greater than the other age groups

Population Pyramid (age-sex pyramid)

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex