Amniotes

What kind of animals are Amniota

non-avian reptiles, birds, mammals

What remain tied to the water (type of eggs)

Shell-less eggs

What does amniotic mean

Pond

What freed the reptilian groups to exploit land

development in a shelled egg

What does Amnion mean

membrane enclosing the developing young

WHat does the fetus float in

amniotic fluid

Where did Amniotes evolve in

Arose from amphibian-like tetrapods (anthracosaurs)during the Carboniferous (290-350 mya)

late Carboniferous, skulls separated into groupspatterns of openings (fenestra) in thetemporal region

when did the skull separate

late Carboniferous, skulls separated into groups patterns of openings (fenestra) in the temporal region

What is a fenestra

a hole in the skull

Different patterns of openings (3)

Anapisds, Diaspids, Synapsids

What is an anapsid

No openings

Example of an anapsid

turtle

What is a diapsids

2 temporal openings

Where are the openings in Diapsids

One pair below the cheeks and another above

What did Diaspids give rise to

Lepidosaurs, Archosaurs, Sauropterygians, and Ichthyosaurs

What are Lepidosaurs

traditional reptiles except for turtles

What are Archosaurs

dinosaurs, living crocs, and birds

What are Sauropterygians

extinct; eg: plesiosaurs

Icthyosaurs

extinct

What are Synapsids

1 pair of openings low on cheeks

Synapsids are ancestors to __?

Mammals

What are the openings associated with in synapsids

large jaw muscles

Shift Eating Habits in Synapsids

From suction feeding in aquatic to chew in terrestrial feedinf

Adaptations of Amniotes (7)

Amniotic egg

Thicker and more waterproof skin

Rib ventilation of the lungs

Stronger jaws

High-pressure cardiovascular systems

Water-conserving nitrogen excretion

Expanded brain and sensory organs

What are the 4 extraembryonic membranes?

amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion

What is an amnion

encloses embryo in fluid/cushions the embryos

What is an Allantois

stores metabolic wastes

What is a chorion

surrounds all other membranes; just beneath shell, highly vascularized respiration

What is a yolk sac

nutrient storage

What did the Amniotic egg eliminate

Need for water (no gilled larvae, internal fertilization)

Shell of an Amniotic egg

used for calcium in skeleton

What is Kertain

protein to make scales, hair, feathers, claws

what are the scales of a reptile made of

beta keratin

What kind of reptiles shed

lizards and snakes

What reptiles do not shed

crocs

What do crocs and many lizards possess

Osteoderms

Osteoderms

Bony plates located in the dermis beneath scales

How many species do Class Repitlia have

8000 species

What is the Age of Repitles

165 million yrs and included dinos

When did mass extinction occur?

Mesozoic period

Are reptiles ectothermic or endothermic?

ectothermic

Describe the limbs of Class Repitilia

2 pair of limbs and usually have 5 toes

What do turtles have?

scutes

What are scutes

modified scales

What order is Tuatara

Order Sphenodonata

How many species of Tuartara are

2

Where are the tuartara

New Zealand

How long does it take for Order Sphenodonata (Tuarata) to grow up

slowly at 77 years

What is the skull of a Sphenodata (Tuatara) nearly indentical to

Diaspid skulls of 200 million years ago

What is well developed in tuararta

median parietal eye that is buried beneath the skin

What order is turtles in?

Order Testudines

How many species of turtles are there?

300

Describe the shell of turtles (Testudines)

dorsal carapace and ventral plastron

What is the outer layer of the turtle shell made of

keratin

What is the inner layer of the turtle shell made of

bone

What is the bony layer a fusion of

ribs, vertebrae, ossified elements

What are the tough plates in the turtles mouth used for

Gripping food

Breathing in Order Testudines

No chest expansion: breathe when limbs move (?)

What is used as a "diaphragm" in turtles

abdominal and pectoral muscles

Turtles are ___ (birth)

oviparous

Turtles bury eggs and leave, which mean they give no

parental care

Nest temperature can determine

sex of hatchlings

What do low tempetaure of eggs produce

males

What do high temps of eggs produce

females

What do snakes (Serpentes) not have

limbs, pectoral, pelvic girdles

What kind of serpentes has pelvic girdles

Pythons

What does a kinetic skull allow Serpentes to do?

eat prey several times their own diameter

Desrcibe the kinetic jaw

Two halves of the lower jaw are loosely joined

How do snakes (serpentes) breathe

The Tracheal opening is extended during swallowing

Despite not having external ears, how do snakes "hear"

low frequency vibrations

Snakes locomotion

Lateral, concertina, rectilinear, sidewinding

Lateral movement

S-shaped movement, pushes against rough ground

What is the most common snake movement

Lateral

Concertina movement

extension of S-shaped loops to strike or to climb trees

Rectilinear movement

Straight movement using ribs

Sidewinding

Looping of desert vipers

Most snakes are (reproductive)

oviparous

What snake is ovoviviparous

Pit viper

Few snakes are (type of egg laying)

viviparous (primitive placenta)

What is the Jacobson organ

Pair of pits in the roof of the mouth

Tongue collects scent particles and conveys them to this organ

How do pit vibers (rattlesnakes) feed

pits that are sensitive to heat is emitted by prey and the hollow fangs inject venom

How many rattlesnake bits are in the usa each year and death

8000, but 12 result in death

How do nonvenomous snakes feed?

Kill prey by constriction or by biting and swallowing

How many people die to venomous snakes in a year

50,000 to 60,000

Where do snake related deaths occur the most

India and Pakistan

How many percent of snakes are venomous

less than 20

Neurotoxins

act on the nervous system (cause blindness or inhibit respiration)

Hemorrhagin

Destroys red blood cells and blood vessels

What snake has the most deadly venom

sea snake

How many species of crocodiles and alligators are there

23 species

3 families of Order Crocodilia

Alligators and caimans

Crocodiles

Gavial

Alligators and caimans

broader snout, new world

Crocodiles

widely distributed

Gavial

narrow snount, India, Burma

What do all Order Crocodila have

long, well-reinforced skull and muscles, powerful bite

What is Theocodant dentition

teeth set in socket

What do Crocodilia share with mammals

complete secondary palate

Heart of Order Crocodilia

4 chambered heart

Reproductive (egg laying style) of Crocodilia

Oviparous

How many eggs do Order Crocodilia have

20-50 eggs