Personal Health Ch 14

part of the body's first line of defense against the invasion of foreign organisms

the skin

pus

A collection of dead white blood cells and debris resulting from an inflammatory response in the body is/are called

A marker on the surface of a foreign substance that triggers the immune response is called a(n)

antigen

The transmission of HIV from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding is called

vertical transmission

Dementia, cardiovascular damage, blindness, and death are possible complications of

tertiary syphilis

An initial STI of the cervix that travels upward to infect the uterus, oviducts, ovaries, and pelvic cavity is called

pelvic inflammatory disease

Inflammation of the liver is known as

hepatitis

Chlamydia infection is the leading cause of ________ in men under age 35.

epididymitis

Whooping cough is a respiratory illness caused by

Bordetella pertussis.

The ulcers are most likely caused by

bacteria

Which will increase a person's chances of contracting hepatitis B?

having unprotected sex

Which type of organism is most similar in cellular chemistry to humans?

fungi

West Nile Virus

A virus that lives in hundreds of species of birds and is transmitted among birds by mosquitoes.

If you are trying to lower your chances of getting a cold, which of the following would be the best advice?

avoid shaking hands

Warts on the hands are caused by infection with a type of

virus

an infection that starts in one place, but spreads throughout much of the body

systemic

A microorganism that causes disease is a(n)

pathogen

prodromal

early symptoms that may indicate the onset of a condition or disease

infection

Invasion of the body by a microorganism.

pathogen

An organism that causes disease.

physical and chemical barriers

Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract

immune system

The body's collective system of defenses that includes surface barriers as well as the specialized cells, tissues, and organs that carry out the immune response.

innate immune system

a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens

adaptive immune system

a kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body

Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.

Eosinophils

a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin.

macrophage

large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body

eosinophiles

increase in the number in allergic condition; they release histamines

natural killer cells

A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.

dendrite cells

antigen-presenting cells derived from monocytes

lymphocyte

A type of white blood cell that carries out important functions in the immune system.

two main types of lymphocytes are

T cells and B cells

antigen

A nonself-marked substance that triggers the immune response.

antibody

A specialized protein, produced by plasma cells, that can recognize specific antigens.

B cell

A type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies.

T cells

Cells responsible for cell-mediated adaptive immune reactions. Helper T cells activate macrophages and promote activation of B cells and killer T cells. Killer T cells kill cells infected with viruses, other intracellular pathogens, and tumor cells.

inflammatory response

nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection

cytokine

A protein produced by Helper T cells that signals molecules that regulate immunity, inflammation, and production of blood cells and platelets.

the immune response

The body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances.

phases of the immune response

recognition, proliferation, elimination, slowdown

immunity

resistance to an infection

adaptive immunity

Immunity to infection acquired by the activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes in response to infection or immunization. Adaptive immunity results in immunological memory.

lymphatic system

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.

immunization

The process of conferring immunity to a pathogen by administering a vaccine to a person.

messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine

A preparation of genetic material that after injection spurs the body to produce parts of a virus and in turn antibodies that protect against it.

vaccine safety datalink project

CDC + 9 healthcare organizations

Population based research on immunization safety

Database used for planned immunization safety studies and investigating hypotheses generated from medical literature, REPORTS TO VAERS, immunization schedule changes, new vaccines

allergy

An immune response to normally innocuous foreign chemicals and proteins that is characterized by specific symptoms such as sneezing, rash, and swelling; also called hypersensitivity.

histamine

A chemical released from cells in response to an allergen and responsible for dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.

asthma

A disease in which chronic inflammation and periodic constriction of the airways cause wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing.

anaphylaxis

A severe systemic hypersensitive reaction to an allergen characterized by difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, heart arrhythmia, seizure, and sometimes death.

climate change and allergies

- Likely to exacerbate allergies

- Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Disease (GARD) was formed in part to prevent or at least lessen risk factors that exacerbate allergic responses

dealing with allergies

- Avoidance

- Medication

- Immunotherapy-desensitizing "allergy shots"

1 in 12 Americans have

asthma

incubation period

The period when bacteria or viruses are actively multiplying inside the body's cells; usually a period without symptoms of illness.

prodromal period

short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

chain of infection

pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, new susceptible host

epidemic

A rapidly spreading disease or health-related condition.

pandemic

A widespread epidemic.

endemic

Occurring regularly in a certain region.

bacterium

A microscopic single-celled organism with a cell wall (plural, bacteria). Bacteria may be helpful or harmful to humans.

pneumonia

Inflammation of the lungs, typically caused by infection or exposure to chemical toxins or irritants.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Penicillin/cephalosporin (systemic infection, pneumonia), vancomycin (meningitis)

Haemophilus influenzae

Meningitis, Upper respiratory infections

Chlamydia pneumoniae

atypical pneumonia; association with coronary artery disease

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

atypical pneumonia

meningitis

Infection of the meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord).

streptococcus

Any of a genus of spherical bacteria; streptococcal species can cause skin infections, strep throat, rheumatic fever, pneumonia, scarlet fever, and other diseases.

staphylococcus

Any of a genus of spherical, clustered bacteria commonly found on the skin or in the nasal passages; may enter the body and cause conditions such as boils, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, and severe skin infections.

tuberculosis (TB)

A chronic bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs.

ulcer

open sore or lesion in the skin or mucous membrane

tetanus

a sustained muscular contraction resulting from a rapid series of nerve impulses

clostridium difficile

causes inflammation of the colon, resulting in diarrhea, fever and nausea

Pertussis

whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis

urinary tract infection

infection of one or more organs of the urinary tract

traveler's diarrhea

Escherichia coli. Symptoms include abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and fever

antibiotic

A synthetic or naturally occurring substance that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria, fungi, or protozoa.

virus

A very small infectious agent composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat; lacks an independent metabolism and reproduces only within a host cell.

the common cold

Acute, self-limiting, and highly contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory tract.

influenza

Infection of the respiratory tract by the influenza virus, which is highly infectious and prone to variation; the form changes rapidly; commonly known as the flu.

measles, mumps and rubella

blindness, deafness, heart defects, brain damage

herpesvirus

A large family of viruses responsible for cold sores, mononucleosis, chickenpox, shingles, and the sexually transmitted infection herpes; causes latent infections.

encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain; fever, headache, nausea, and lethargy are common initial symptoms, followed in some cases by memory loss, seizures, brain damage, and death.

hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by infection, drugs, or toxins.

jaundice

Increased bile pigment levels in the blood, characterized by yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes.

Human Papillomavirus

a virus that can cause genital warts or asymptomatic infection

fungus

A single-celled or multicelled organism that reproduces by spores and feeds on organic matter; examples include molds, mushrooms, and yeasts. Fungal diseases include yeast infections, athlete's foot, and ringworm.

Candida albicans

yeast infection commonly found naturally in the vagina of most women

protozoan

A microscopic single-celled organism that often produces recurrent, cyclical attacks of disease; plural, protozoa.

malaria

A severe, recurrent, mosquito-borne infection caused by the parasitic protozoan Plasmodium.

giardiasis

An intestinal disease caused by the parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia.

parasitic worm

A pathogen that causes intestinal and other infections; includes tapeworms, hookworms, pinworms, and flukes.

zika virus

Mosquito-borne virus linked to birth defects.

ebola

A contagious viral disease originating in Africa. It is transmitted by blood and body fluids and causes body organs and vessels to leak blood, usually resulting in death.

Escherichia coli

caused by contaminated foods, can cause diarrhea. Can cause diseases

immune disorders

Failures of immune system

Allergies

Autoimmune disorders

supporting the immune system

good sleep, regular healthy eating, washing hands, avoiding contagious people, drinking clean water, avoiding disease-carrying animals, getting vaccinating

sexually transmitted infection (STI)

An infection that is transmitted mainly by sexual contact; some can also be transmitted by other means.

human immunodeficiency virus

The virus that causes HIV infection and AIDS.

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

An advanced stage of HIV infection.

HIV infection

A chronic, progressive viral infection that damages the immune system.