Art History 101 Final

Observing that the subject matter of this painting is The Last Supper is an example of which kind of Art Historical Analysis?

Iconography

Observing that the original audience for this painting was a group of monks in Milan, Italy is an example of which kind of art historical analysis?

contextual analysis

Observing that this painting has a balanced composition with a roughly equal amount of figures on either side of the vertical axis is an example of which kind of art historical analysis?

formal analysis

What is the art historical term for the space that surrounds the subject matter?

Negative space

What is the art historical term for the relative size of individual shapes in a work of art?

Scale

Which of the following statements about this work of art is NOT TRUE?

• Observing that it is a portrait of Raphael is an example of contextual analysis.

• It uses mostly organic shapes

• Its composition is unbalanced on the vertical axis

• It uses a limited earth-toned color palette

Observing that it is a portrait of Raphael is an example of contextual analysis.

Which of the following statements about this statue is false?

• It shows the closeness of human beings and nature.

• It shows early humankind’s capabilities for symbolizing thoughts

• It is an example of a sculpture in the round

• It represents one of the prehistoric gods

It represents one of the prehistoric gods.

What technique did paleolithic artists use to apply paint to cave surfaces?

• They used their fingers to dab paint onto the surface

• They brushes made of animal or human hair to apply paint

• They chewed pigment in their mouths, and blew it through a tube onto the surface like modern spray paint

• All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following statements about the Hall of Bulls is false?

• The artists carefully prepared the wall surface of the cave before painting.

• The profile view of the animals is typical for paleolithic art.

• The artists used natural mineral pigments from nearby ocher mines.

• The animals in the cave were painted over the course of many years.

The artists carefully prepared the wall surface of the cave before painting.

Which of the following statements offers correct formal analysis of the Woman of Willendorf?

• This statue's small dimensions reflect that its makers were nomadic hunter gatherers.

• The woman's lack of a face helps her to communicate the idea of fertility to her original audience.

• The woman's proportions have been manipulated.

• The rounded forms of the woman's breasts, belly, and sides are emphasized because they project into space.

The rounded forms of the woman's breasts, belly, and sides are emphasized because they project into space.

Which of the following human behaviors characterizes the paleolithic period of human history? 

• Humans settled into towns

• Humans began to develop written language

• Humans began to domesticate animals

• Humans followed migrating herds of animals

Humans followed migrating herds of animals

What does the wear on the Lion Man suggest about its use?

• It was a decorative item displayed in a prominent location.

• It was primarily used as a tool for hunting smaller animals

• It was used to grind pigments for cave paintings.

• It was passed around and rubbed as part of a narrative or ritual.

It was passed around and rubbed as part of a narrative or ritual.

What is the term for a 3-D work of art whose subject matter can be viewed in 360 degrees?

Sculpture in the round

What is the term for a group of objects with similar visual traits created around the same time and place?

Corpus

The manipulation of scale in this woman's body suggest that its makers were interested in which of the following?

• Developing agriculture

• Observing nature

• Survival and fertility

• Domesticating animals

survival and fertility

What is the term for an established way of representing something?

Convention

What is the term for the way space is organized in the Newgrange Tomb?

• Axial plan

• Corbeled arch

• Corbeled vault

• Post and lintel

Axial plan

What does the term "liminal" refer to in the context of Newgrange?

• A space that marks a boundary or threshold between different realms 

• A sacred object found inside the structure

• The main architectural style used at Newgrange

• A specific type of architectural ornament consisting of linear swirls

A space that marks a boundary or threshold between different realms

Which of the following statements about Ancient Mesopotamian temples is NOT true?

• All the inhabitants of the city could enter the temple and worship.

• They usually formed one of the focal points of the city.

• They were usually located on elevated, man-made platforms.

• They usually held a statue of the temple's god or goddess.

All the inhabitants of the city could enter the temple and worship.

What is a key characteristic of early Sumerian cities?

• Each city had its own patron god or goddess.

• They did not have an organized religion

• They were united into a centralized empire.

• There was no clear distinction between rulers and deities.

Each city had its own patron god or goddess.

What is the purpose of limestone votives in Sumerian religion?

• To depict physical perfection

• To stand in for regular worshippers in a temple

• To hold vessels used for pouring libations to gods

• To represent the ideal of female beauty

To stand in for regular worshippers in a temple

Which of the following statements about the Newgrange Tomb is false?

• Its spiral designs on the wall create optical illusions of movement.

• It uses a corbeled dome over the burial chamber.

• Its spatial organization emphasizes the entrance over all other parts of the tomb.

• It is an example of a passage grave.

Its spatial organization emphasizes the entrance over all other parts of the tomb.

Which of the following statements about this sculpture of a goddess is NOT correct?

• The statue is an example of an idealized woman in Ancient Mesopotamia.

• The statue was meant to be viewed from the front.

• The marble used for the statue was locally sourced in Mesopotamia.

• The statue's eyes, eyebrows, and hair were made of mixed materials.

The marble used for the statue was locally sourced in Mesopotamia.

What is one possible interpretation of the meaning of Stonehenge based on its history of use?

• A giant musical instrument "played" by striking its bluestones

• A storage area for valuable resources

• A fortress for elite individuals

• A site that ritually connects life and death

A site that ritually connects life and death

Which of the following techniques was used to build the characteristic standing stone formations of Stonehenge? 

• domes

• corbeling

• post and lintel

• vaulting

post and lintel

What is the term for the construction technique used in the Newgrange tomb, in which each layer of stone is positioned closer to the middle of the dome as it rises?

• post and lintel

• vaulting

• corbeling

• passage grave

corbeling

Which of the following statements about this sculpture of a goddess is NOT correct?

• The statue's eyes, eyebrows, and hair were made of mixed materials.

• The marble used for the statue was locally sourced in Mesopotamia.

• The statue is an example of an idealized woman in Ancient Mesopotamia.

• The statue was meant to be viewed from the front.

The marble used for the statue was locally sourced in Mesopotamia.

What is the significance of the relief carvings of lion hunts in Assyrian palaces?

• They were located on the exterior walls of the palace

• They show the ruler's strength and power

• They emphasize the power of the lion

• They highlight the importance of community hunting in Assyria

They show the ruler's strength and power

Which of the following is NOT a conventional ideal of female beauty in Ancient Mesopotamia?

• A unibrow

• An oval-shaped face

• Large eyes

• Clasped hands

Clasped hands

Which of the following ruler portraits does NOT make a visual connection to the gods?

• The Stele of Naram-Sin

• The Head of an Akkadian Ruler

• Assurnasirpal II Killing Lions

Assurnasirpal II Killing Lions

What was the primary purpose of the Lamassu figures in Assyrian palaces?

• They served as decorative art pieces.

• They represented the harmony between humans, animals, and the divine.

• They symbolized the military strength of kings like Sargon and Naram-Sin.

• They acted as apotropaic figures to protect and ward off evil.

They acted as apotropaic figures to protect and ward off evil.

What is the primary purpose of the Stele of Naram-Sin?

• To showcase the Naram-Sin’s wealth

• To depict a religious ceremony

• To honor the gods

• To communicate Naram-Sin’s ruler persona

To communicate Naram-Sin’s ruler persona

What is the term for the horizontal bands of imagery that wrap this object?

• Relief sculpture

• Composition

• Hierarchical scale

• Registers

registers

What is the significance of the bull imagery on the lyre found in the Uruk cemetery?

• It represents the moon goddess associated with harvest

• It symbolizes Shamash, the sun god, as a metaphor for death and rebirth.

• It is purely decorative with no greater significance

• It depicts a scene of daily life in Sumeria

It symbolizes Shamash, the sun god, as a metaphor for death and rebirth.

Which of the following best describes the people depicted in the relief carvings of lion hunts?

• dynamic and active

• static and rigid

• blocky and geometric

• symmetrical and composite

dynamic and active

Which of the following is NOT a typical convention of Ancient Mesopotamian art?

• Long, patterned beards for men

• Composite pose for most figures

• Naturalistic space and depth in relief sculpture

• Thin, fine, precise contour lines for depicting texture

Naturalistic space and depth in relief sculpture

Which of the following statements about the Ishtar Gate is NOT true?

• The bull and dragon imagery represent two important Ancient Mesopotamian gods

• It was built using bricks made of pure lapis lazuli

• It is mostly made up of chunky geometric shapes

• The bull and dragon imagery echo the movement of the viewer as they pass in and out of the gate

It was built using bricks made of pure lapis lazuli

What was the purpose of the "weeper holes" in Ancient Mesopotamian Ziggurats?

• To allow light in

• To allow air circulation

• To allow water in

• To allow water out

To allow water out

Which of the following statements about Mesopotamian ziggurats is NOT true?

• They provided a focal point within the Ancient Mesopotamian city

• They made use of massive scale and large, geometric shapes to impress the viewer

• They made use of massive scale and large, geometric shapes to impress the viewer

• They included hidden underground chambers that served as liminal spaces between the realm of the living and dead

They included hidden underground chambers that served as liminal spaces between the realm of the living and dead

What was the primary purpose of the Stele of Hammurabi?

• To communicate Hammurabi's ruler persona’

• To impress foreign dignitaries to Hammurabi's court

• To provide a comprehensive set of written laws for lawyers to consult

• To serve as an offering to the gods

To communicate Hammurabi’s ruler persona

Which of the following traits does NOT visually communicate the sun god Shamash's divine status relative to Hammurabi?

• His hierarchical scale

• His arched eyebrows and aquiline nose

• The rays emanating from his shoulders

• His horned helmet

His arched eyebrows and aquiline nose

What is the term for an Ancient Egyptian tomb consisting of a rectangular brick or stone structure with sloping sides erected over burial chamber?

• Mastaba

• Stepped pyramid

• Ziggurat

• Pyramid

mastaba

Which of the following is not a part of Ancient Egyptian religious belief?

• Ancient Egyptians believed that their kas could live on in a beautiful afterlife after death.

• Ancient Egyptians believed that everything in the universe played a part in a harmonious cosmic design.

• Ancient Egyptians believed that the deceased would embark on a journey through the "River of Dreams" after death. 

• Ancient Egyptians believed that their kings/pharaohs were living gods.

Ancient Egyptians believed that the deceased would embark on a journey through the "River of Dreams" after death. 

What is the term for this type of structure?

• Mastaba

• Stepped pyramid

• Ziggurat

• Pyramid

Stepped pyramid

Which of the following is NOT a convention that we can associate with Ancient Egyptian art?

• Flat space with little depth

• A jewel-toned color palette

• Reliance on contour line

• Modeled figures with a sense of mass

Modeled figures with a sense of mass

What kind of site do the pyramids form part of?

• a great palace complex for the pharoahs

• a city with curtain walls and a citadel

• a necropolis or city of the dead

• a center for learning, with the world’s oldest known university

a necropolis, or city of the dead

In depictions of Ti’s hippo hunt, what do the hippos symbolize?

• Privilege

• Wealth

• Rebirth

• Chaos

Chaos

What happened after King Tutankhamun took the throne? 

• He focused on obtaining more gold minds for Egypt

• He expanded Egypt's territory through military conquest

• He continued his father's religious reforms

• He restored Amun worship and traditional visual conventions 

He restored Amun worship and traditional visual conventions 

What might the dark red skin tone of Hunefer represent in funerary art?

• Heightened masculinity to aid in rebirth

• A depiction of illness

• An indication of divine power

• A sign of nobility

Heightened masculinity to aid in rebirth

Which of the following symbols of royalty shown in this statue is not specific to Ancient Egyptian kingship?

• The nemes headdress

• the use of a prestige material

• the entwined papyrus and lotus

• the false beard

the use of a prestige material

Which of the following statements about the Giza pyramids is false?

• They were built primarily by enslaved workers

• Their pyramid shape marks a liminal transition between the earthly and celestial realms.

• They are part of a necropolis, or city of the dead.

• They are located on the west bank of the Nile, because the west was associated with death and east with rebirth.

They were built primarily by enslaved workers.

Why is the Great Sphinx of Giza staring to the east?

• The east was a symbol of rebirth for the Ancient Egyptians.

• All images of sphinxes in Egypt are oriented toward the east.

• The sphinx is actually facing west.

• The shape of the sandstone rock the sphinx was carved from determined its orientation.

The east was a symbol of rebirth for the Ancient Egyptians.

Which of the following is not an example of Ancient Egyptian painting conventions?

• Modeled shapes that create a sense of mass

• Thin contour lines surrounding the shapes

• A rich, jewel-toned palette

• Hierarchical scale for gods and elites

Modeled shapes that create a sense of mass

What is unique about Amarna Period art?

• It emphasizes idealized, muscular bodies

• It follows strict canonical proportions

• It depicts only gods and pharoahs

• It shows elongated, curving bodies with movement

It shows elongated, curving bodies with movement

Why did Hatshepsut adopt male royal conventions in her depictions?

• To strengthen her legitimacy as a ruler in a traditionally male role

• To show she was more powerful than previous male pharaohs

• Because there were no artistic conventions for depicting female rulers

• Because she wanted to erase her identity as a woman

To strengthen her legitimacy as a ruler in a traditionally male role

What is the name of the Ancient Egyptian god who is associated with the kings and depicted as a falcon?

• Horus

• Re

• Osiris

• Ka

Horus

What was the significance of this amphora?

• It was used to store everyday items

• It marked the grave of an Ancient Greek person

• Its sophisticated iconography showing Ajax and Achilles is unique among Greek amphoras

• It contains elements of irony and tragedy for audiences familiar with the iconography

It contains elements of irony and tragedy for audiences familiar with the iconography

Which of the following statements about the octopus flask is false?

• It is an unusual object of Minoan art because it depicts marine life.

• It successfully resolves the painted imagery with the flask's curved surfaces.

• Its diagonals and organic shapes imply lively movement.

• The artist filled the spaces between the tentacles with other marine-related life. 

It is an unusual object of Minoan art because it depicts marine life.

How can we best understand the development of the naturalistic Greek nude?

• As time passed, Greek doctors gained a better understanding of anatomy which they taught to artists

• As Greece's contacts with Egypt faded, Greek artists abandoned Egyptian poses

• As time passed, artists discovered and applied more sophisticated sculptural techniques

• The naturalism reflects the Greek cultural value on human actions and heroism in warfare

The naturalism reflects the Greek cultural value on human actions and heroism in warfare

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Minoan wall painting such as the Bull Leaping fresco?

• a preference for a lot of implied movement

• a preference for organic shapes

• a preference for depicting social hierarchies in art

• a preference for depicting rituals

a preference for depicting social hierarchies in art

What is the term for an unroofed area that is completely or mostly enclosed by the walls of a building?

• Courtyard

• Corbeling

• Post and lintel

• Ashlar masonry

courtyard

For the true fresco technique, what surface does the artist apply pigments to?

• dry ceramics

• wet plaster

• wet ceramics

• dry plaster

wet plaster

Which of the following statements about this statue is not true?

• It may have represented a god

• It may have marked a grave

• It borrows some conventions from Ancient Egyptian art

• It may have been a votive offering

It may have represented a god

Overall, is the imagery on this krater naturalistic or stylized?

Stylized

Which of the following statements about the city of Mycenae is not true?

• Its heavy fortifications reflect a society mobilized for war.

• Its walls were rebuilt three times, each time larger and stronger

• It was arranged around two spatial focal points: the rulers’ residence and the temple

• It was divided into an upper citadel and lower residential quarter

It was arranged around two spatial focal points: the rulers’ residence and the temple

How is space arranged and organized in the Minoan complex at Knossos?

• Around open areas known as courtyards

• Axially and hierarchically with a clear path for visitors

• Chaotically and with very little order

Around open areas known as courtyards

What visual feature of the procession creates the impression of slow and steady movement?

• A rhythmic spacing of figures and alternating forward and backward motion

• The placement of gods among the participants

• The presence of mostly female figures 

• The realistic portrayal of individual Athenians

A rhythmic spacing of figures and alternating forward and backward motion

What purpose did this statue serve for its patron?

• It expressed reverence for his ancestors.

• It showed his family lineage

• It expressed his high social class

• All of the above

All of the above

Which of the Ancient Greek architectural orders inspired the Hibernian Hall in Charleston?

Ionic

What is the term for the horizontal part of the façade of the Hibernian Hall? This part acts like the lintel of a post-and-lintel system. 

• Doric

• Column

• Pediment

• Entablature

entablature

How would the Ancient Greeks have understood the battle between lapiths and centaurs on the Partenon's metopes?

• As a metaphor for the rebuilding of Greek civilization after the Persian wars

• As a metaphor for the destruction of the Acropolis by the Persians

• As a metaphor for the superiority of Greeks over non-Greeks

• As a metaphor for the futility of warfare among the polises

As a metaphor for the superiority of Greeks over non-Greeks

The incorporation of Ancient Greek elements in this Roman temple can be viewed as an example of ___________.

• Combination

• Syncretism

• Roman Verism

• adlocutio

Syncretism

How is space organized in Ancient Greek temple complexes?

• Sequentially, with each space leading logically to the next

• Loosely, with courtyards acting like hubs that group similar spaces together

• Axially and hierarchically, with a determined path for the viewer

• Free flowing after the gate, with the temple acting like a sculpture in the round

Free flowing after the gate, with the temple acting like a sculpture in the round

What is the term for the Roman tendency to create actual likeness of individuals?

• Combination

• Syncretism

• Adlocutio

• Verism

Verism

In what way is this temple unlike Ancient Greek temples like the Parthenon?

• t features a pediment.

• It is an example of the Ionic architectural order.

• It is meant to be viewed from the front.

• It uses columns and an entablature.

It is meant to be viewed from the front.

In what way does this statue of Augustus draw from Ancient Greek statues like the Riace Warrior?

• The statue's military garb and cloak.

• The statue's broad body proportions and musculature.

• The position of Augustus' raised arm.

• The true likeness of the Emperor Augustus' individual features.

The statue's broad body proportions and musculature.

Which of the following statements about the Coliseum is not true?

• Its elliptical shape enhanced the acoustics of the space, allowing even low-volume noise on the floor to reach the stands.

• It contains a subfloor system that allowed surprise combatants to be introduced into the arena.

• It uses the Roman construction technique of concrete with marble revetment.

• It was built on the ruins of Nero's palace to communicate political change.

Its elliptical shape enhanced the acoustics of the space, allowing even low-volume noise on the floor to reach the stands.

Which of the following is not a way that status was shown in this image?

• The fine craftmanship

• The frontality of the sculpture

• The elaborate hairstyle

The frontality of the sculpture

Which of the following statements about this relief sculpture from the Arch of Titus is not true?

• It depicts captured and enslaved prisoners of war.

• It includes victory iconography such as the triumphal arch and laurel wreaths.

• It depicts a Roman Triumph procession.

• It includes depictions of the spoils of war.

It depicts captured and enslaved prisoners of war.

What is the term for the "waffle-like" indents in this ceiling?

• Voussiors

• Coffers

• Jambs

• Keystones

Coffers

Which of the following statements about the Column of Trajan is not true?

• The base housed Trajan's ashes and the top supported a statue of the deified Trajan.

• It commemorates and narrates Trajan's victory against the Dacians.

• Roman viewers likely circled the column in order to read the narrative from start to finish.

• It includes iconography of Trajan leading troops, making speeches, and being present with prisoners of war.

Roman viewers likely circled the column in order to read the narrative from start to finish.

What is the term for this kind of monument?

• Triumphal arch

• Basilica

• Roman triumph

• Rotunda

Basilica

What is the term for this kind of monument?

• Rotunda

• Roman triumph

• Basilica

• Triumphal arch

Triumphal arch

How is the idea of family unity expressed in the procession of the imperial family?

• The swooping drapery of the family members’ dress

• The veils that some members of the family are wearing

• The circular composition

• The generic faces of the family members

The swooping drapery of the family members’ dress

Which of the following statements about the Pantheon is not true?

• In Roman times, the approach to the facade was controlled and hid the round interior.

• The Emperor Hadrian held court inside the building.

• It uses engineered concrete to create an unbroken dome inside.

• It is an example of the basilica building type.

It is an example of the basilica building type.

Which of the following statements about the Ara Pacis is not true?

• The Ara Pacis incorporates imagery of plenty and bounty, such as flowers and fruits.

• The Ara Pacis commemorated a specific military victory of the Romans.

• The Ara Pacis shows the senate and the emperor's family as partners in Roman governance.

• The Ara Pacis incorporates imagery that shows the Emperor Augustus' divine lineage through the goddess Venus.

The Ara Pacis commemorated a specific military victory of the Romans.

Which of the following architectural terms is not seen in the plan of the Church of Santa Sabina?

• Voussoir

• Nave

• Apse

• Aisles

voussoir

Which of the following is not an example of syncretism with Greek and Roman art seen in this statue of Jesus as the Good Shepherd?

• the material and support stand

• stylization

• contrapposto

• high texture contrasts between hair and skin

stylization

Why is there a resemblance between Emperor Septimius Severus in the round painting and Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the bronze statue?

• Septimius Severus wished to connect his rule with that of Marcus Aurelius.

• The emperors coincidentally looked alike

• Rome's ruler portraits had become standardized and lost their verist qualities.

• The emperors were related by blood.

Septimius Severus wished to connect his rule with that of Marcus Aurelius.

Which of the following elements is not a strong choice to discuss naturalism in this sculpture?

• shape

• mass/form

• texture

• color

color

Which of the following is not an example of a break with traditional Roman conventions see in this sculpture of the Tetrarchs?

• The squat, stylized proportions of the tetrarchs' bodies

• The emphasis on Roman military strength through depictions of weapons and armor

• The nearly identical appearance of the tetrarchs' faces, which does not capture individual likeness

• The planar carving and simplified shapes for the tetrarchs' bodies

The emphasis on Roman military strength through depictions of weapons and armor

What kind of ruler persona does this equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius communicate?

• a strong military leader

• a philosophical leader

• both

both

Which of the following is not an example of syncretism with Roman imperial conventions shown in this image?

• the use of the color purple

• Jesus’ toga-like garment

• the use of mosaic technique

• the cross-shape of Jesus’ staff

the cross-shape of Jesus’ staff

What is the binder used for the technique of tempera painting?

• wax

• egg yolk

• linseed oil

• blood

egg yolk

How can we best explain the departure from traditional Roman conventions in the image of the Tetrarchs?

• The tetrarchs were originally non-Romans who brought non-Roman conventions to their art.

• This image is meant to represent the institution of the Tetrarchy and not an individual emperor.

• The stone material used in this sculpture is difficult to carve

• The political chaos of the late Roman Empire caused the most talented artists to leave Rome.

This image is meant to represent the institution of the Tetrarchy and not an individual emperor.

Why does this portrait of Julia Domna include an elaborate braided hairstyle?

• It imitated the hairstyles of Greek goddesses, which were fashionable at the time.

• It symbolized her modesty, a virtue for Roman women.

• It showed her status, as she had access to hairdressers who were likely enslaved.

• It was a sign of mourning for the emperor, who had recently died.

It showed her status, as she had access to hairdressers who were likely enslaved.

Which of the following terms describes the use of precious metals and gems on the cover of the Lindau Gospels?

• mosaic

• treasure binding

• codex

• cloissone enamel

treasure binding

Which of the following terms describes the technique used to make the Sutton Hoo Purse Cover?

• mosaic

• treasure binding

• codex

• cloissone enamel

cloissone enamel

Which of the following statements about Matthew from the Linsifarne Gospels is not true?

• It borrows the conventions of jewel colors and a love for pattern from Anglo-Saxon metalwork.

• It borrows the iconographic conventions of the author portrait from Roman art.

• It includes rounded forms that give a sense of mass to the figures.

• Matthew is surrounded by divine inspiration in the form of his symbol, the angel.

It includes rounded forms that give a sense of mass to the figures.

Which of the following characteristics of Charlemagne's Palace Chapel at Aachen was not borrowed from Roman art (including Early Christian art, like Galla Placidia)?

• the use of glass mosaic

• the use of marble revetment

• the enormous chandelier

• the use of Roman columns and capitals

the enormous chandelier