Mr Gallagher Honors History Midterm 2022-23

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Italian Renaissance

A period of European history that began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe

Francesco Petrarch

Father of Humanism/renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, and sculptor

Michelangelo

Painted the Sistine Chapel

The Madonnas

paintings of the Virgin Mary

Medici

powerful banking family who ruled Florence in the 1400s, patrons of the arts

Thomas More

Wrote the book "Utopia"

Pieter Bruegel

Flemish painter, used vibrant colors to portray lively scenes of peasant life

Machiavelli

wrote The Prince

Luther's Position

Monk that protested against church abuse (indulgences)

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Gutenberg's impact

Invented the printing press

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Catholic Reformation

Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine.

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits

All-Water Route

direct water route to Asia for spices and easier trade

Henry the Navigator

This Portuguese prince who lead an extensive effort to promote seafaring expertise in the 14th century. led Portugal to discover a route around Africa, ultimately to India.

Mercantillism

belief in the benefits of profitable trading

Treaty of Tordesillas

set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Vasco da Gama

the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

effect of Smallpox on the Americas

wiped out most of the natives; economic, political, and social devastation

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

Social Classes in New Spain

Peninsulares, Criollos, Mestizos, Native Americans

Qing Dynasty

China's last dynasty, which ruled from 1644 to 1912

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences

Philip II

Macedonian king who sought to unite Greece under his banner until his death or murder.

Divine Right

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

Mary I

"Bloody Mary". Super-Catholic. Married PHILIP II of Spain. KILLED PROTESTANTS, or exiled them.

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise

Parliament

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

Edict of Nantes

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

Louis XIV absolutism

\-Revoked the Edict of Nantes, resuming the persecution of the Huguenots and forcing Catholicism on France.

\-Gave Huguenots the choice to convert or be imprisoned, many went to exile

\-Lost large working class

English Civil War

civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I

Roundheads

supporters of the Parliament in the English Civil War

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Roundheads

Charles I

His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

James I

The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625

Charles II

King of England and Scotland and Ireland during the Restoration (1630-1685)

William and Mary

King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant

Thirty years war

A war that involved France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and numerous states of Germany

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Hapsburg Family

Powerful Catholic family that controlled many European states

Frederick the Great

This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler

Peter the Great

This was the tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)

Enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Voltaire

French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights

Thomas Hobbes

believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority

Rousseu

French philosophe that believed people were naturally good, in The Social Contract he set forth his ideas that later fans the flames of revolution,

Adam Smith

wrote the wealth of nations

Three Estates

1st- clergy, 2nd- Nobility, 3rd-Everyone else

Tennis Court Oath

vow by members of the 3rd estate not to disband until a constitution was written

Marie Antoinette

queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution

Storming of the Bastille

Destruction of the prison seen as the true start of the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A new law passed by the National Assembly explaining the beliefs and aims of the revolution.

National Assembly

3rd estate declaration that it was the only true govt. in france

Legislative Assembly

This legislative body ruled France during the First French Republic

Committee of Public Safety

Powerful group, led by Robespierre, set up to defeat all enemies of the revolution.

National Convention

a meeting of party delegates held every four years, which nominates the party's candidate for president

Maximilien Robespierre

Revolutionary leader who tried to wipe out every trace of France's past monarchy and nobility

The Directory

1785-1799. Five man group. Passed a new constitution in 1795 that was much more conservative. Corrupt and did not help the poor, but remained in power because of military strength. By 1797 it was a dictatorship.

Napoleon- Coup

Reference to how he takes over govt.: overthrew govt replaced directory

Napoleonic domestic policies

policies to reconcile the French.

Napoleon- Scorched Earth Policy

Burn everything so enemies could not use it, ordered by Russia

Congressa of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

Labor Unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Iron Law of Wages

proposed principle of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker.

Robert Owen

a Utopian who set up a model community at his cotton mill in Scotland

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Karl Marx

founder of modern communism