HHS Final Review

Integumentary System Description

consists of skin, mucous membrane, hair, & nails that protect internal structures & prevent foreign substances from entering the body

Respiratory System Description

complete the process of gas exchange between the body & the environment consisting of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, Bronchi, & lungs

Circulatory System Description

transportation “highway” for the body, it consists of the heart, blood vessels, & blood, transports substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, & nutrients in the body

Skeletal System Description

protects & supports the body’s organs & provides the framework that muscles use to support movement, made up of bones & joints

Muscular System Description

enables movement of the body & the movement of materials inside the body

Immune System Description

the cells & tissues that recognize & attack foreign substances in the body

Reproductive System Description

system of organs involved in producing offspring

Excretory System Description

the system that removes all liquid & gaseous waste from your body & controls water balance

Digestive System Description

breaks down food into smaller molecules

Endocrine System Description

glands secrete hormones that regulate body processes such as growth, reproduction, & nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

Nervous System Description

the network of nerve cells & fibers that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the body, intakes & translates & respond to stimuli

Epithelial Tissue

tissue that covers outside of the body & lines organs & cavities, found in skin & is either for protection or specifically allows movement of materials across its layer

Connective Tissue

a body tissue that provides support for the body & attaches all of its parts, found in ligaments, bones, tendons, & cartilage

Muscle Tissue

a body tissue that contracts or shortens to make the body parts move, also moves things around the inside of the body, found in major internal organs & the heart

Nervous Tissue

a body tissue that carries electrical messages back & forth between the brain & every other part of the body found in the brain or the spinal cord

Major Functions of the Integumentary System

1) Protection

2) Thermal Regulation

3) Vitamin D Synthesis

4) Removal of Waste

5) Receive Sensory Information

Tendon

connect MUSCLE TO BONE (allow movement) made of dense, fibrous tissue

Ligament

connect BONE TO BONE providing stability & limiting joint movement, elastic band of tissue

Cartilage

cushion between bones to reduce friction & have shock absorption

Red Bone Marrow

soft spongy tissue found in spongy bone at the end of long bones that produces BLOOD CELLS (hematopoiesis) through the splitting of stem cells into blood cells

Yellow Bone Marrow

connective tissue found in bone cavities that stores fat + minerals, contains stem cells (can become cartilage, bone, fat)

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

striated voluntary muscle tissue that allows for movement of the body, attached to bones (ex. quadriceps, Biceps)

Smooth Muscle Tissue

non-striated involuntary muscle tissue that allows for the movement of fluids & materials throughout the body (ex. pancreas, lungs, large intestines)

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

striated involuntary muscle tissue that allows for movement of blood throughout the body

Strongest Muscle

Masseter

Longest Muscle

Sartorius

Largest Muscle

Gluteus Maximus

Functions of the Circulatory System

1) Delivers Materials around the Body

2) Thermoregulation

3) Removes Waste Products

4) Fights off foreign invaders

Veins

Function: bring blood back into the heart (carries DEOXYGENATED Blood except for the pulmonary vein)

Pressure: Low Pressure

Lumen: Larger Lumen

Smooth Muscle: Thinner Smooth Muscle Wall (Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, & Tunica Externa)

Arteries

Function: vessel that always carries blood away from the heart (carries OXYGENATED blood except for the Pulmonary Artery)

Pressure: Higher Pressure

Lumen: Smaller Lumen

Smooth Muscle: Thicker Muscle Wall (Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, & Tunica Externa)

Capillaries

Function: diffusion of oxygen, CO2, proteins, salts, etc. that move through the capillary wall

Pressure: N/A

Lumen: Smallest Lumen

Smooth Muscle: No smooth Muscle a layer of epithelial tissue

Chambers

places where blood is stopped & held before moving into another chamber or leaving the heart

Valves

allow blood to only move in one direction (stops blood from moving backwards)

Vessels

transport system that either carries blood into the heart or away from the heart

Order of Blood Flow

1) Vena Cava

2) Right Atrium

3) Tricuspid Valve

4) Right Ventricle

5) Pulmonary Valve

6) Pulmonary Artery

7) Lungs

8) Pulmonary Vein

9) Left Atrium

10) Bicuspid Valve

11) Left Ventricle

12) Aortic Valve

13) Aorta

Red Blood Cells

(erythrocytes) 45% of blood that carries oxygen to the body’s tissue & cells while also picking up CO2

Hemoglobin

quaternary protein that contains iron & is the binding site for oxygen atoms in the RBCs

White Blood Cells

(leukocytes) less than 1% that finds & eliminates foreign bodies in the bloodstream

Plasma

55% of blood that is the liquid part of blood that allows blood to move easily, made up of water & other dissolved solutes (CO2, proteins, carbohydrates, nutrients, hormones, & electrolytes)

Platelets

(thrombocytes) less than 1% of blood that are small blood cells fragments created in red bone marrow that create blood clots around injured vessels to stop bleeding

Blood Pressure

the force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels

Normal BP

120/80 mmHg

Systolic BP

blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles (top number)

Diastolic BP

blood pressure in the arteries during rest (bottom)

Hypotension

abnormally high BP 140/90 mmHg

Hypertension

abnormally low BP 90/60 mmHg

Alveoli

balloon shaped air-sacs located at the end of the bronchioles that facilitate gas exchange through the lungs & blood to exchange oxygen & CO2

Trachea

primary passageway for air to travel between lungs & the naval/oral cavity, lined with a mucus membrane to trap dust particles & humidify air

Larynx

structure located in the neck that facilitates breathing, creates vocal sounds (voice box), & prevents food & foreign particles from entering the airway

Epiglottis

small flap of connective tissue that prevents food & liquids from entering the airway

Diaphragm

primary muscle responsible for respiration by contracting to pull down the lungs during inhalation & relaxing during exhalation, changes air pressure

Direction of a Nerve Impulse

travels from the dendrite end to the axon end then it goes to the next neuron

Synapse

small space between neurons that contains a chemical signals (neurotransmitters)

Neuron

contains the electrical signal/Impulse

Cerebrum

largest part of the brain that is responsible for cognitive thinking, learning, memory, education, & emotions

Cerebellum

located at the back of the brain to allow movement, coordination, balance, & posture

Brain Stem

connects the brain to the spinal cord controlling involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, & digestion

Frontal Lobe

largest lobe of the brain located at the front to control personality, decision making, critical thinking, language comprehension, & movement

Parietal Lobe

middle of the brain that helps to understand spatial relationships, interpret pain, touch, & taste

Temporal Lobe

side lobe of the brain that involved in auditory processing & hearing

Occipital Lobe

back lobe of the brain responsible for processing visual information allowing for depth perception, seeing shapes, colors, motion, etc.