Bing Music 112 Exam 3

Dazon

• Cuban dance in 1900s

• European contradance became cubanized and the name evolved

• Incorporates Habenera

• Two types of bands developed: Orchestra tipicas and francesas

Habenera

• slow Cuban dance

• Music and double time

• Also known as contradanza; developed into danzon

• Popular among the European/middle upper class

• Because it became to be referred to as stiff it was changed to feature a couple

• rhythm influenced the development of many different pieces i.e. the opera Carmen.

Tres

• cuban version of a Spanish folk guitar/plucked lute

• has three sets of two strings, mimicking the rich sound of two guitars

Rondo Form

• compositional form for the Danzon going back-and-forth between different sections (ABACA)

Guajiro

• Spanish laborers/Cuban peasant class from Spain or the Canary Islands

Curro

• African laborers

Sonero

• lead singer, who improvises a lot in many forms of Cuban music

Son

• cuban popular music of the 1930s

• has produced many sub types and pan types that expanded as they evolved, i.e sexteto , septeto, Conjunto

Sexteto

• Son ensemble type that relied a particular form of instrumental organization for the style of song

• Has two significant sections: Largo - fixed verse, and Montuno (call and response). It may also have interlude and solos.

• composed of six instrumental members on guitar, tres, claves, bongos, maracas, and marimbula/bass

Sexteto Habenera

• Important Cuban son group that formed in 1920s that were part of the sexteto revolution

• First to have hit songs as a sexteto group

• Sang early cuban son style song “tres lindas cubanas”

• Led by Gerardo Martinez

Gerardo Martinez

Bass director for Sexteto Habanera

Septeto

• Son ensemble type with the addition of a cornet or trumpet

• Influenced by orchestras tipicas of Danzon music

• 7 members

Ignacio Pineiro

• Black Cuban musician (bass player and composer) who started in rumba but developed son

• Leader of Septeto Nacional

Conjunto

• Son ensemble type which expanded the group of musicians evolving from septeto

• grew to include the piano, a horn section, and new percussion instruments

Arsenio Rodriguez

• Talented tres player and composer that helped develop cuban son music

• known for elaborate montuno sections

• blond from childhood so known as the blind marvel

Claves

• A pair of hardwood sticks struck together to make a hollow sound

• often struck together in patterns of 2:3 or 3:2

Bongos

• Pair of small drums, usually more than one is played at the same time or back and forth, and is held between the knees and played with the fingers

• part of latin dance bands

Maracas

• Small percussion instrument

• Caribbean gourd rattles with interior beads

Marimbula

• Box with medal keys on it that replaced the bass

• of afro-cuban heritage used in cuban son

• Lamellophone

Largo

• Fixed lyrical and more melodic verse of a sexteto (son)

Canto

• The intro section to a sexteto (son)

Iberian Son

• Style of music descending from spanish or portuguese folk music of spanish laborers of Tobacco plantations that fused elements of African music into it

• Often the sonero (lead singer) improvises coplas over the tres

Guajeo

• Repeating riff pattern that initially was played on the tres

• Within Iberian son

• Transferred from tres to being played on the piano

Changui

• Afro-cuban style of son

• borrows tres from the guajiro adding african instruments like the marimbula botija, bongo, quito and the claves

• From oriente province

Coro

• Chorus or response section (in Afro-Cuban Changui especially)

Son Montuno

• Cuban son that emphasizes the montuno (call and response) section

• flexible style fusing European and African elements

• no more largo or canto

• further developed by Arsenio Rodriguez, transitioned into Son Pregon

Montuno

• call and response section in cuban son (excluding rumba)

Son Pregon

• An improvising style of vocal music that mimics the style of street vendors

• Don Azpiazu-Peanut vendor

Don Azpiazu

• first authentic Cuban orchestral director in the U.S. launching a latin american craze

• "El Manicero" (recorded under english translation "the Peanut Vendor") was the first big Cuban number to become a hit song in U.S. in the new son Pregon style .

• he published sheet music that recording labels called "rumba" even though it was Son, not rumba.

• Introduced Afro-Cuban percussion and rhythmic patterns

Descarga

• instrumental soloing over ostinato sections. sort of a mini jam session that is structured around a basic montuno section played byt the percussion, bass, and piano

Isreal Lopez

• he is connected with the musical movement of the descarga style of son music

• started to mix son with big elaborate solo sections in bands

• credited for inventing mambo dance in the 1940's

Mambo

• off-tempo instrumental big band dance music in Cuba

• dance craze which fused swing and Cuban music

• big in the Pallidum ballroom

Machito and the Afrocubans

• influencial band in 1940's that was one of the first bands to embrace both latin American and African-american styles (jazz), creating Cubop and salsa

• led by Frank grillo who sang and played maracas

• developed partnership with Mario Bauza

• Did mambo piece "Mambo, mucho mambo" which had a canto and montuno.

Mario Bauza

• he brought cuban musical styles to the NY jazz scene.

• worked with Frank grillo (Machito and the Afro-Cubans)

Xavier Cugat

• led a premiere Latin group in downtown NY but had a duel role where he ended up diluting a lot of the music by being stereotypical in order to suit American tastes

• he was also very popular and introduced the music to an audience that might not otherwise been intrigued by Latin styles of music

Desi Arnaz

• Actor that popularized Latin American popular music

• is white appearance, charm and good looks enhanced his popularity and resulted in him being the face of Latin music in Hollywood

• trained in Xavier Cugat's band, also stereotypical

• associated with the idea of a conga line because of a movie

Dizzy Gillepsie

• American Jazz trumpet player who helped develop afro-cuban jazz (bebop)

• co-wrote "Manteca" with Chano Pozo, incorporating a son-montuno verse section mixed with a jazz influenced chorus.

Chano Pozo

• famous Cuban percussionist, singer, coposer that helped American jazz artists start playing latin jazz because of the popularity of his songs.

• co-wrote "Manteca" with Dizzy Gillespie, incorporating a son-montuno verse section mixed with a jazz influenced chorus.

Perez Prado

• Considered "king of the mambo"
  Cuban bandleader, musician and composer that was extremely popular in NY

Chachacha

Precurser to salsa that came out of danzon in 1950's

Beny More and su Banda Gigante

Band who did the classic son Chachacha song "Ya Llego La Hora"

(Son) Guaracha)

-variation of son music which Celia Crus played a big part in

Tito Puente

-"King of the Timbales/Black music" because he was a legendary timbales player and band leader
-important musician in Latin American popular music in the U.S.
-connected with mambo and salsa
-had a rivalry with tito Rodriguez for top billing at the Pallidium ballroom (catalyst for improving race relations) and they were often shown in performance together "competing"
-played tambales in (Son) Guaracha stryle "La Guarachera" with Celia Cruz

Tito Rodriguez

-legendary timbales player and band leader who was a rivalry of Tito puente for the top billing at the Pallidium ballroom(catalyst for improving race relations) and they were often shown in performance together "competing"
-His orchestra has famous salsa piece"Bilongo" which features the use of (afro-cubana) words and themes drawn from African religions

Salsa

-popular form of a social dance specifically in puerto rico
-comes from Son, Mambo, and Son Montuno in 1970's
-Born out of the latin barrio communities in the 1960's

Fania Records

-Record company that named and was the first to sponsor the new spicy kind of latin music "salsa"
-Founded by Johnny Pachecol and Jerry Mascucci
-Critical piece in development of salsa music
-Like the Motown of salsa, all the big names of salsa were signed with them (Ex: Celia Cruz)

Johnny Pacheco

Originally a bandleader form Dominican republic who founded Fania Records and allstars( who performed live in Africa)

Celia Cruz

Cuban-American singer born in Havana who started off with Afro-Cuban Santara and transitioned to salsa, known as the "queen of salsa"
-immigrated to U.S. after Cuban Revolution, and joined Fania records in 1920s after leaving Tito Puentes band
-Sang a (Son) Guaracha style song with Tito Puente on timbales called "La Guarachera" which has a famous call and response between Celia and Tito followed by Titos legendary solo

Willie Colon

Young and talented Nuyorican (Puerto Ricans living in New York) salsa musician (singer, trobonist, writer, producer, and actor).
-signed to Fania records

-Co-writer, along with Hector Lavoe, of salsa piece "Aguanile"

Hector Lavoe

Puerto Rican musician who had a difficult life because he struggled with fame

-he teamed up with Willie Colon for his first album with Fania Records, including the one of the most famous soneros of the 1970's/80's, "Aguanile."
-captures feelings of barrio culture in his songsPeurto Rican musician who had a difficult life because he struggled with fame

-he teamed up with Willie Colon for his first album with Fania Records, including the one of the most famous soneros of the 1970's/80's, "Aguanile."

-captures feelings of barrio culture in his songs

Rueben Blades

Panamanian vocalist signed to Fania records known as the poet laureate of salsa.
-his salsa piece "Pedro Navaja" ,reflecting barrio life, was in a canto-montuno format
-Did much more than sing!! went back to school for law and eventually tried to be a politiion.

Eddie Palieri

-well known for mixing latin American music with jazz piano and bringing social dimensions into salsa music
-Puerto Rican pianist and bandleader who redid the traditional Rumba Guaguanco piece "Congo Yambbbumba" as a salsa song., showing the influence of Afro-Cubanism in salsa.
-Compared to Miles Davis of Jazz--child prodegy.

Congas (Tumbadores)

-Congolese derived barrel drums used in Cuban salsa
-two drums attached to each other

Guapo

-meaning street thug, reffering to barrio communities in NYC
-Fania Records begins to capitalize of the Rebel image of its young stars
-the bad boy image becomes popular on the streets, in song, and in the media

Samba Concao

slower style of popularized/commercialized Brazilian samba music in the late 1940's.

-Has a slower, sweeter sound, emphasizing lyrics

-diluted samba more suited for European tastes

Ary Barroso

Brazilian composer and pianist who made songs for Carmen Maranda and also Walt disney

-composed piece with Mario Reis on Vocals, "Deixa Esta Mulher Sofrer*" in the style of Samba Cancao

Carmen Miranda

Radio and film star in U.S. from Brazil who was heavily criticized by latin Americans for giving into American commercialism and presenting seemingly superficial Brazilian elements in movies/song.

-Popularized Samba music in the U.S.

-also involved in Bossa nova, sang "Tico Tico No Fuba"

Bossa Nova

newest Brazilian middle class/almost elitist style of music of the 1960's born from Samba Concao

-fuses Samba rhythm with jazz

Joao Gilberto

Brazilian Bossa Nova singer and guitarist

-sang a song written by Antonio Jobim, "Chega de Suadade," was the first major recording of the new style.

-He also collaborated with Stan Getz's for an album, which includes song "The Girl From Ipanema" where he sings with his wife, Astrud.

Antonio Carlos Jobim

Brazilian songwriter, composer, arranger, singer, and pianist/guitarist who helped create bossa nova by fusing the local Rio Samba beat with Jazz chords and harmony.

-Wrote the song "Chega de Saudade" for Joao Gilberto and also wrote the music for "The girl from Ipanema"

Vinicius De Moraes

Brazilian lyricist and poet who helped develop bossa nova

-wrote lyrics for "The Girl from Ipanema", working with Jobim on music, Gilberto on vocals and guitar, and Stan Getz on lead tenor sax

Astrud Gilberto

Joao's wife who sing in "The Girl from Ipanema" and was also an innovator for Bossa Nova.

Stan Getz

American Jazz saxophone player who helped work with Gilberto to popularize and internationalize Bossa Nova

-played lead tenor sax for Jobim and Vinicious De Moraes' song"The Girl From Ipanema" while Gilberto sang.

Mento

first major style of popular music in Jamaica that was the foundation for more jamaican genres to come

-first kind of creole music to be popularized, has roots in Hatian Meringue and Trinidadian Calypso .

-features piano, sax, percussion, bass, and lead clarinet.

Dan Williams Orchestra

First Mento group in Jamaica

-collaborated with Lord Fly for "Manassa with the Tight Foot Pants"

Lord Fly

Saxaphone player who recorded some of the first song for Jamaican MRS label.

-He ran is own Jamaican born mento band, who collaborated with Dan Williams Orchestra for the song "Manassa with the Tight Foot Pants"

-real name Rupert Lyon

Ska

an upbeat Jamaicanized RnB developed from mento in the late 1950's that was a precursor to rocksteady and reggae

-connected with Jamaican independence in 1962

-emphasized the offbeat

Ernest Ranglin

Jamaican guitarist and composer who helped give birth to ska.

-After bringing music to UK ("easy snappin" and "My boy lolipop"), he was the first Jamaican artist that really hit it big in Africa.

Don Drummond

Jamaican ska trombonist and composer who formed the Skatalites.

-Child Prodegy

The Skatalites

most influential Ska band from Jamaica formed by Don Drummond

-Is composed of young artists/musicians trained in the Alfa Boys school

-seen as kind of the kings of Ska.

-big brass sound

Sound System

Organized ghetto block party/social events of the working class with attention paid to dress, dance steps, and attitude.

-they take over because they are cheaper options for clubs and performers

-Companies set up by people who owned their own turn tables, PA and speaker systems

-*Main conveyers of Jamaican popular music in the 1960's

-Promoted RnB which eventually transformed into SKA

-Mosh Pits originate here from competing crowds starting riots

Studio One

Coxone Dodd's studio that opened in the 1960's which had a very large impact on Jamaican popular music.

-Competetive with Duke Reid's studio, Treasure Isle Records

Coxone Dodd

First black man to open his own studio, Studio One"

-Originally started out playing in his mothers liquor store, then building speaker cabinates.

-set up downbeat system with partner Blackie

-competetive with Duke Reid and Treasure Isle Records

Downbeat system

Coxone Dodd's sound system, one of the most powerful systems in the 1950's

Prince Buster

Originally Coxone Dodd's body guard. he struck out in 1958 for bootlegging records of all the major U.S. acts of Dodd's

-Founded voice of the people

-his first major studio production was "Oh Carolina" by the Folkes brothers

Voice of the People

Prince Buster's sound system

the Folkes brothers

Band got their start singing mento, and were trying to blend into the local ska music scene

-sang "Oh Carolina", with drummer Count Ossie as produced by Prince Buster

-this track bridges the transition in Jamiacan popular from imported RnB to local Ska

Count Ossie

Jamaican Nyabingi drummer and band leader that played with the Folkes Brothers.

Treasure Isle Records

Duke Reid's grocery and liquor store as well as his record label

-competitive with Coxone Dodd's Studio One

Duke Reid

He set up Treasure Isle liquor store and Records

-Rival of Coxone Dodd

-Name of his system was Trojan System

-Real name Arthur Reid

Torjan System

Duke Reid's sound system before treasure Isle Records

Rock Steady

new relaxed style of Jamaican music in 1960's that was slowed down because people were feeling somewhat disenfranchised by faster ska.

-influenced by American soul

-this style doesn't last long, but is the transition between Ska and Reggae

-assoicated with Rude boy

Toots Hibbert

ska and reggae singer

-Lead singer of the Maytalls

The Maytalls

Best known Ska/Rock steady trio group in Jamaica

-lead singer wa Toots Hibbert

-reflects new trend for vocal trios

-Associated with/played with Skatalites

-Recorded at Studio One with Coxone Dodd, who produced their song "The Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses."

Rude Boy

Jamaican slang for men/musicians who turned to lives of crime

-Connected with Rock Steady

Rastafari

Afro-Jamaican youth subculture and religious movement that arose in the ghettos of Kingston, Jamaica in the 1950's

Reggae

Jamaican popular music connected with Rastafarian culture

-made popular by Bob Marley and the Wailers

-followed Ska and Rocksteady

The Wailers

Jamaican Reggae, ska, and Rock Steady band formed by Bob Marley , Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer.

-Went on to be known as "Bob Marley and the Wailers"

-Song "Babylon System"

Bob Marley

Most famous reggae artist

-Formed the Wailers

-Credited for the spread of rastafarianism

Island Records

record label that was founded by Chris Blackwell in Jamaica

-Bob Marley recorded a few songs here

Chris Blackwell

Producer for Island Records who played a big role in internationalizing Reggae.

-Produced several songs for Bob Marley before Bob formed his own record label.

Lee Scratch Perry

Used to set up for Coxone Dodd's Downbeat system, but left studio one and set up his own record company and formed the Upsetters

-Worked with Bob Marley

-played an important role in Reggae

Tuff Gong Records

Bob Marley's record label

-Because he was having problems with his previous record label, he set up his own

Marcus Gravey

Jamaican who worked for African repatriation and PanAfricanism and helped develop Rastafarian music

Haile Selassie

Man considered very much the son of god by those who adhered to Rastafarian faith.

Calypso

Afro-caribbean music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago which fused African and European elements

Roaring Lion

very prominent Trinidadian calypso singer/composer

-credited for bringing calypso to the U.S.

-Worked with Atilla the Hun

Atilla the Hun

- calypsonian from Trinidad who introduced calypso duet

-Began to put socially aware lyrics into calypso

-Worked with Roaring Lion

-Most important chantwell during the flowering of Calypso

Mighty Sparrow

- King of Calypso singer-songwriter, and guitarist

-he represented a new generation of calypso artists.

-Him and Lord Melody recorded calypso verbal duels, including "Picong Duel"

Lord Melody

Calypso singer who sang with Mighty Sparrow for song "Picong Duel."