Studied by 14 people
Vocab and examples
affordability
maximum price a buyer can afford to pay for an apartment/house
agricultural surplus
food surplus necessary for creation of cities
anti-displacement tenant activists
advocates for poor and working class who are at risk for losing affordable housing to new development
negative response to urban design initiatives (existing communities disrupted)
anti-displacement tenant activists
example: project in New York City for 15-story residential building rejected by residents because of less affordable housing (despite rent subsidizing)
automobile cities
cities whose size and shape are dictated by and pretty much require ownership of an automobile
automobile cities
examples (think size and shape): Miami, Atlanta, Las Vegas, and especially Phoenix
below market rate housing
costs much less than the going/market rate (affordable) and is usually determined who gets it by a lottery
a benefit of Inclusionary Zoning
blockbusting
when realtors tell white homeowners that Black people are moving in to get them to sell their homes
city
relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages
urban
relating to a city
socioeconomic stratification
structuring of society into distinct socioeconomic classes, including leadership
grew as society grew
first urban revolution
agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of the earliest cities
urban hearth areas
Regions in which the world’s first cities evolved
urban hearth areas
examples: Indus River Valley, Yellow River Valley, West Africa, Andean highlands, Mesoamerica
site
an absolute location of a place on Earth, including all physical features
situation
relative location of a place or the location of a place in reference to its surrounding features, places of human activities, or its regional position with reference to other places
changes over time
situation
example: Pittsburgh built close to coal and iron ore mines to use in manufacturing
site
example: Pittsburgh built at the confluence of 3 rivers
capitalism
economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than owned and run by the state
communism
all property is publicly owned and managed by the state
communism
example: China political/economic system
streetcar settlements
A settlement outside of a city with streetcar lines; the streetcars take residents into and out of the city easily
second urban revolution
The industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to increased urban growth
less focus on technological innovations, more on industrialization
redevelopment
a set of activities and government policies intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times
metropolis
a very large and densely populated city, particularly the capital or major city of a country or region
NOT a metropolitan/metro area
metropolis
example: New York City
urban area
Any self-governing place in the United States that contains at least 2500 people
urbanized area
urban areas with 50,000 people or more
urban clusters
urban areas with 50,000 people or more
metropolitan statistical areas
In the United States, a region with at least one urbanized area as its core
micropolitan statistical areas
one or more urban clusters of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 people as their cores
metropolitan statistical areas
example: New York-Newark-Jersey City (most populated), Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim (2nd most populated)
suburbs
populated areas on the outskirts of a city
older version = “bedroom communities”
urbanization rate
The percentage of a nation’s population living in towns and cities
suburbanization
the movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city
sprawl
the tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner
decentralization
In an urban context, to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs
decentralization
example: banks establishing suburban branches
edge city
concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city’s traditional downtown or central business district
edge city characteristics
Over 5 million square feet of office space
Over 600,000 square feet of retail space
A population that increases every morning and decreases every afternoon, indicating more jobs than homes
Status as an end destination due to its businesses, entertainment, shopping, and recreation
A history of not resembling a city three years prior to its establishment
edge city
example: Tysons Corner, VA (near Washington DC)
boomburbs
places with more than 100,000 residents, but they are not core cities in the metropolitan areas
Mostly in Texas to Pacific Ocean
infill development
the building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already-developed areas (IMPORTANT!)
exurb
a semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families
world cities
cities that have become the command and control centers of the global economy
world cities
example:
1991: New York, London, Tokyo
Today: Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Los Angeles, Sydney, Berlin, etc.
gated communities
Privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or a gate surrounding it
urban system
a set of interdependent cities or urban places connected by networks
urban system
example: Seattle + Olympia + cities around Puget Sound in WA (see map in textbook)
urban hierarchy
a ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy
rank-size rule
states that the population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy (do some math)
primate city
much larger than any other city in a country, and it dominates the country’s economic, political, and cultural life
primate city
examples: Lagos (Nigeria), London, Moscow, Athens, and Paris
central place theory
a model that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are
central places
settlements that make certain types of products and services available to consumers
central place theory assumptions
Christaller says:
(1) the surface of a region is flat with no physical barriers, such as mountains or rivers
(2) soil quality is the same everywhere
(3) population and purchasing power are evenly distributed
(4) the region has uniform transportation networks that permit direct travel from each settlement to the others
(5) from any given place, any good or service can be sold in all directions out to a certain distance.
central place theory
threshold
the number of people required to support a business
range
the distance people will travel to acquire a good or service
gravity model
mathematical model that attempts to predict how places will interact (controversial!)
gravity model
(p1*p2)/d²
gravity model
examples: New York and New Jersey interact a lot, but so do New York and Los Angeles
concentric zone model
E.W. Burgess says:
Ring 1: CBD
Ring 2: Zone of transition
Ring 3: Zone of independent workers’ homes
Ring 4: Zone of middle class residences
Ring 5: Commuters’ zone
concentric zone model
Hoyt sector model
focused on transportation and communication as the drivers of the city’s layout
higher cost areas along transportation routes
multiple-nuclei model
residential districts organized around several nodes (nuclei) rather than one CBD
Hoyt sector model
multiple-nuclei model
galactic city (peripheral) model
the CBD remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and industrial districts are linked by a ring road or beltway
galactic city (peripheral) model
galactic city (peripheral) model
example: Phoenix follows this city model
Griffin-Ford model
traditional elements of Latin American culture blended with the modern forces of globalization
CBD has two parts: a traditional market sector that sells everyday goods and the more modern CBD
combination of concentric zones and radial sectors
Griffin-Ford model
gentrification
The displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves
Southeast Asian city model
focal point of these cities was not a CBD but rather the old colonial port zone with surrounding commercial districts, the alien and Western commercial zones
squatters + middle class
Southeast Asian city model
Sub-Saharan African city model
carry the imprint of European colonial powers
3 CBDs
Sub-Saharan African city model
perceived density
the general impression of the estimated number of people present in a given area
zoning regulations
dictate how land can be used
population density
fiscal squeeze
when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditure on decaying urban infrastructure
built environment
human-made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis
smart growth
policies combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation
compact design
makes more efficient use of land that is already developed by encouraging development to grow up, not out
diverse housing options
quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels
new urbanism
focuses on fostering European-style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and diverse housing of different types and prices within walking distance to shopping, restaurants, jobs, and public transportation
principles of New Urbanism
walkability
connectivity
mixed use and diversity
diverse housing options
quality architecture and urban design
traditional neighborhood structure
increased density
smart transportation
sustainability
quality of life
greenbelt
a zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas
greenbelt
example: English Garden City (London)
zoning
the classification of land according to restrictions on its use and development
slow-growth cities
cities that change their zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally, with the goal of avoiding or slowing the negative effects of sprawl
slow-growth cities
example: the growth of Issaquah, WA is an example of ________
cons of New Urbanism
property values decrease
amount of affordable housing will decrease
property owners face restrictions on land use
existing communities disrupted
new development will cause segregation
places of historical importance may be destroyed or severely impacted
sprawl increases rather than decreases
de facto segregation
racial segregation that is not supported by law but is still apparent
mortgage
a loan that is taken out to purchase a home
redlining
the practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who wanted to buy property in those neighborhoods
predominantly Black
redlining
white flight
the mass movement of whites to the outlying suburbs
housing choice voucher program
assists very-low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled with affordable, decent, safe, and sanitary housing
Note 
Flashcard (110)