Microbiology-Cell Chemistry

Importance of microbes

• decaying process

• DNA rep. and genetic engeneering

• food production

• Bio remediation

What are the three forms of carbs?

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

what is the structure of a monosaccharide?

1-2-1, C6H12O6

what are the 5-carbon monosaccharides?

deoxyribose and ribose

what are the 6-carbon monosaccharides?

glucose, galactose, fructose, and mannose

what is the formula and the types of disaccharides?

C12H22O11-sucrose, maltose, and lactose

what is the formula and types of polysaccharides?

1-2-1, glycogen, starch, cellulose, and dextran

what are the functions of mono and disaccharides?

• covert energy into ATP (energy source)

• Make up DNA & RNA

what are the functions of a polysaccharide?

• structural components

• provide an energy source

what are the two types of lipids?

Simple and compound

what is a simple lipid?

made up of glycerol and fatty-acids

what is a compound lipid?

lipids bonded to other structures

what are the functions of lipids?

• provide energy

• store energy

• provide structure to build hormones

What is the structure of a protein?

amino group, side chain (R chain), carboxyl group; folding; hydrophilic or hydrophobic

what does it mean for a protein to be hydrophilic?

water-soluble (outside of the cell)

what does it mean for a protein to be hydrophobic?

water resistant (inside the cell)

Primary structure of protein

amino acid sequence (bonds)- genes

secondary structure of proteins

double helix (folding)

what is the tertiary structure of protein

polypeptide chain (how bonds between R groups interact)

What are the functions of a protein?

• structure of the cell

• enzymes

• movement, communication, etc.

• aqueous (found in water)

what is a Nucleic Acid in DNA?

genetic code information is needed to build and maintain a cell and to be transcribed into RNA

what is a Nucleic Acid in RNA?

transcribed into a protein (the process of protein synthesis)

what is the structure of a nucleotide?

• deoxyribose/ ribose

• phosphate group

• nitrogenous base

what are the bases of DNA?

adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

what are the bases in RNA?

thymine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine

where does replication begin in Prokaryotes?

bacteria; binary fission in the beginning of the process

where does replication begin in Eukaryotes?

Plants and animals; mitosis in interphase

why is DNA replication important for humans?

growth, replacement, repair process

why is DNA replication important for bacteria?

replication of itself

semi-conservative

half of the original DNA is conserved in the 2 daughter cells, then a new half is manufactured during replication process, which is synthesized

DNA Polymerase functions

• reads parental strand

• matches nucleotides

• proofreading

• replaces RNA with DNA

3 types of RNA

• messenger RNA; mRNA

• transfer RNA; tRNA

• ribosome RNA; rRNA

what is the process of gene expression?

DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into a protein

what percentage of DNA has to be replicated to form new daughter cells?

100%

Cells ____________ synthesize proteins

Constantly

`how many genes are transcribed at a time per protein?

ONLY 1

what carbon is a base attached to?

carbon-1

what carbon is the 2nd nucleotide bonded with?

carbon-3

what direction does DNA polymerase add to?

5 → 3

what is the function of the Helicase?

breaks through hydrogen bonds between bases on the parent strands, separating them

what is a phosphodiester bond?

dehydration synthesis; has nucleotides together

what does an anticodon sequence do?

determines the specific amino acid carried during protein synthesis

where does translation occur?

in the cytoplasm of the ribosome

what does tRNA do during protein synthesis?

takes the amino acid to the ribosome

what happens to the replication fork?

an enzyme breaks the bond between the hydrogen bond and the bases

what is number 7 on the diagram?

RNA primer