A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms (ex: battery, food)
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Thermal energy
The TOTAL energy of motion in the particles of a substance
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Radiant energy
Energy carried by light
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Kinetic energy
The energy an object has due to its motion
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Law of conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only altered from one form to another
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Gravitational potential energy
Potential energy that depends on the height of an object
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Electrical energy
Energy caused by the movement of electrons
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Elastic energy
The potential energy of an object that is stretched or compressed
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Phase energy
The energy stored in the system due to the arrangement of particles that exert attractions on one another, increases when matter changes state of matter
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Efficiency
The percentage of the input work that is converted to output work
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Fahrenheit
A temperature scale with the freezing point of water 32 degrees and the boiling point of 212 degrees
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Freezing point
The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid, equal to melting point
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Melting point
The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid, equal to freezing point
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Boiling point
The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas
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Condensing
The change of state from a gas to a liquid
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Evaporation
When some (not all) particles get enough energy to break free, liquid to gas
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Specific heat capacity
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1ºC
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Absolute zero
The coldest temperature, 0 Kelvin, that can be reached. It is the hypothetical temperature at which all molecular motion stops.
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Joule (J)
unit of energy, always capitalized
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Frequency (f)
The rate of vibrations of a wave, measured in Hertz (Hz)
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Period (T)
Amount of time for one cycle to be completed
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Wavelength (λ)
The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave
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Oscillation
Act of back and forth motion, cycle/vibration
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Destructive interference
The interference that occurs when 2 waves combine to make a wave with a smaller amplitude, occurs when waves are out of phase
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Constructive interference
The interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a larger amplitude, occurs when waves are in phase
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Crest
The highest point of a transverse wave
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Trough
tThe lowest point of a transverse wave
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Wave
A repeating disturbance that transfers energy from place to place without transferring the medium
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Rarefaction
The part in a longitudinal wave where the particles are spread apart
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Compression
The part of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are close together
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Pitch
a tone's experienced highness or lowness, depends on frequency
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Amplitude
The maximum displacement on either side of the equilibrium position
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Absorption
The wave is absorbed and disappears
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Transmission/Propagation
Waves pass through a given medium
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Diffraction
Occurs when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it
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Reflection
The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a surface through which it cannot pass.
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Refraction
The bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another
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Resonant frequency
Frequency at which a standing wave occurs, natural/unforced resonance
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Ultrasound
Sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 Hz
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Interference
The combination of two+ waves that results in a single wave for a period of time
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Electromagnetic (EM) waves
A type of wave that does not require a medium to propagate
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Mechanical wave
A wave that requires a medium to propagate
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Radio waves
EM waves with the longest wavelengths, lowest frequencies, and lowest energy
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X-Ray Waves
Similar in size to an atom, used in telescopes and can be stopped by lead
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Gamma rays
Electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths (0.01 nm)and highest frequencies
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Ultra-violet (UV) waves
longer than X-Rays but shorter than visible light waves, can cause cancer (100-400 nm)
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Microwaves
very short electromagnetic wave, .1 cm to 30 cm
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Visible light
Electromagnetic radiation that can be seen with the unaided eye, 740 to 435 nanometers.
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Infrared waves
second on the electromagnetic spectrum going from lowest to highest frequency. can be felt as heat, 780nm - 1mm
The amount of energy required to change a unit mass of a substance from liquid to gas, Q = mL
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Latent heat of fusion
The amount of energy required to change a unit mass of a substance from solid to liquid, Q = mL
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Fission
The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy
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Fusion
The process or result of joining two or more things together to form a single entity.
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C
Specific heat capacity (J/kgºC)
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d
Distance (m)
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E
Energy (J)
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Eff
Efficiency (%)
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f
Frequency (Hz)
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g
Gravitational acceleration (m/s)
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Δh
Change in height (m)
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KE
Kinetic energy (J)
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λ
Wavelength (m)
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m
Mass (kg)
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Q
Heat added or removed (J)
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v
Velocity
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ΔT
Change in temp
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T
Period (s)
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ΔT
change in temperature
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Celcius
Metric temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees
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Elastic energy
The potential energy of an object that is stretched or compressed
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Gravitational potential energy
Potential energy that depends on the height of an object
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System
A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements or parts that function together as a whole to accomplish a goal
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Temperature
A measure of how hot (or cold) something is; specifically, a measure of the AVERAGE kinetic energy of the particles in an object
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Alpha decay
A nuclear reaction in which an atom emits an alpha particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons. This increases the atomic number by 2 and the mass number by 4.
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Beta decay
Radioactive decay which occurs when a nucleus with too many protons or too many neutrons emits an electron in order to transform one of the protons or neutrons into each other
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Gamma decay
Radioactive decay in which an unstable nucleus emits a gamma photon in order to dissipate excess energy and stabilize the nucleus
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Neutron decay
One neutron is emitted from the nucleus
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Pressure energy
Pressure in gases or liquids has the potential to move objects due to the force it can exert
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