Lecture 2 (Hematopoiesis)

Hematopoiesis

it is the formation of blood cell components; maturation

• Hormones

• Interleukins

• Chemotaxis

• Blood loss

• Other factors

hematopoiesis is affected by:

• Erythrocytes

• Leukocytes

• Thrombocytes

blood cellular components

True

all blast cells don’t have granules

True

all cells starting with a PRO (basophilic) and ending with CYTES (eosinophilic/neutrophilic) have granules except for

• thrombocytes

• erythrocytes

• reticulocytes

True

nucleoli can be only observed in cells starting with PRO and ending with BLAST

True

the size of the cell during maturation decreases except for MEGAKARYOPOIESIS

Megakaryopoiesis

platelet synthesis

Increased mitosis

• low iron

• smaller RBC

Decreased mitosis

• low folate

• low b¹²

• larger RBC

True

nuclear size decreases during maturation process

Shift to the LEFT

increased in immature cells is called

Blast, Pro, Band

immature cells

Shift to the RIGHT

increased in mature cells is called

Erythrocyte, Lymphocyte etc.

mature cells

Hypoxia and Blood Loss

these stimulates erythropoiesis

Chemotaxis

calling of cells by chemicals

Chemotaxis

stimulates granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, monopoiesis, (leukopoiesis)

Hemorrhage

stimulates megakaryopoiesis

Estrogen

suppresses eryhtopoiesis

Stimulate erythropoiesis

• erythropoietin

• TSH (pituitary gland)

• ACTH (pituitary gland)

• GH (pituitary gland)

• Thyroxine/T4 (thyroids)

• Cortisol (adrenals)

• Testosterone (testes)

these hormones stimulate what?

Interleukin-3

hypoxia and blood loss

Interluekins-3,5,11

chemotaxis

Interleukins-3,6,11

blood loss

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Symmetric hematopoiesis

2 daughter cells undergo differentiation

Asymmetric hematopoiesis

2 daughter cells —> differentiation and self-renewal

• Primitive

• Definitive

2 phases of hematopoiesis

Primitive

• mesoblastic

  • blood islands of the sac

  • 19-20 days gestation

Definitive

hepatic and myeloid

Hepatic

• liver

• 5th - 6th up to the 30th month of gestation

• occur in adults with anemias

  • extra medullary

• spleen, thymus, and lymph node also becomes active

Myeloid

• bone marrow

• 5th month of gestation

• pelvis, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, long bone

Red Bone Marrow

active

• sternum

• skull

• scapulae

• vertebrae

• ribs

• pelvic

• long bones

Yellow Bone Marrow

Inactive

adipocytes

Retrogression

conversion of red to yellow marrow

Fibroblasts

precursor for connective tissue

Endothelial cells

blood vessels

• Adipocytes

• Macrophages

• Fibroblasts

• Endothelial cels

cytokines are released by

Liver

stores vitamin b¹², folate; RBC production

Vitamin B¹² (6 years stored)

only found in meat

Folated (6 months stored)

found in green leafy vegetables

Spleen

this organ stores blood cells

White pulp and Red pulp

division of spleen

White pulp

• lymphocytes

  • Tr

  • Th

  • Tc

• macrophages

• dendritic cells

  • Ag, antigen presenting cells

these are stored in what division of the spleen?

T-regulator cells

regulate immunity

T-cytotoxic cells

toxins

Red pulp

erythrocytes are stored in what division of the spleen

Senescent RBCs

other term for old RBCs

Bone marrow

B-lymphocytes are formed in the

Thymus

T-lymphocytes are formed in the

G,A,M,E,D

Gamma - 2nd

Alpha - body fluid; saliva

Mu - first

Epsilon - allergy

Delta

immunoglobulins (antibodies)

Lymph node

filtration of debris and bacteria

Lymph node

where cancer cells hide

• cancer cells fuel on sugar and nitrite

Totipotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell

THSC / Ferrata Cell

Totipotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell

where all blood cells are derived

Lymphoblast

mature cells and has granules nuclei

Prolymphocyte

no granules nuclei

Lymphocyte

azurophilic

robin egg cytoplasm

b-lymph and t-lymph

• Eosinophils

• Basophils

• Neutrophils

Granulopoiesis

• Eosinophils

• Basophils

CFU-EO

• Neutrophils / Granulocytes

• Monocytes

CFU-GM

Erythrocytes

BFU-U —> CFU-E

Megakaryotes —> Thrombocytes

CFU-MEG

• Myeloblast

• Promyelocyte

• Myelocyte

• Metamyelocyte

• Stab/Staff/Band

Granulopoiesis

Myeloblast

• no granules

• has nucleolus

• fried egg appearance

• small cytoplast

Promyelocyte

• large eosinophilic granules

• medium cytoplasm

Myelocyte

neutrophilic granules; spherical

Metamyelocyte

• sausage-shaped / kidney-bean shaped nucleus

• granules form

Stab/Staff/Band

horseshoe-shaped nucleus

produces: eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils

• Monoblast

• Promonocyte

• Monocyte

Monopoiesis

Monoblast

• fried egg appearance

• with nucleus

• no granules

Promonocyte

• with basophilic granules

• indented nucleus

Monocyte

• bean shaped

• grayish cytoplasm

• with nuclei

• dirty cytoplasm

produces: macrophages, microglia, kupffer cells (these cells perform phagocytosis)

Macrophages

will go into different tissues and organs

Microglia

CNS

Kupffer cells

liver (killer/invader)