Biology Lab Final FSW

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Where does photosynthesis occur?

In the chloroplast

Where do the light reactions occur?

In the thylakoid

Where do the dark reactions occur (Calvin Cycle)?

In the chloroplast

What is the main purpose of the light reactions?

To produce ATP and NADPH used in the dark reactions

What leaves the light reaction as a byproduct?

Oxygen

What goes into the light reaction?

Water and sunlight

What goes into the calvin cycle?

Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH

What gets cycled through the calvin cycle?

3 phosphoglycerate to G3P to RuBp

What leaves the calvin cycle?

glucose

What does photosynthesis do?

converts light energy into chemical energy

What is glucose used for?

Food for the plant

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Where does cellular respiration occur (for the most part)?

Mitochondria

What are the 3 steps of Cellular Respiration?

1. Glycolysis

2. Krebs Cycle

3. Electron Transport Chain

What happens in glycolysis?

1. 1 glucose (6 carbon) molecule is split into 2 pyruvate (3 carbon) molecules

2. Nad+ to NADH

3. makes 2 net ATP

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

What happens after glycolysis?

pyruvate moves to the mitochondrial matrix, becomes acetylcoA, CO2 is released, and NADH is generated

What happens in the Krebs Cycle?

Pyruvic acids broken down, 2 CO2 released.; acetyl CoA forms citrate with oxaloactetate which reenters the cycle

Products of the Krebs Cycle

4 carbon dioxide, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP (for 1 molecule of glucose, 2 pyruvate)

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

mitochondrial matrix

What happens in the Electron Transport Chain?

Energy stored in NADH and FADH2 is used to make ATP

What is oxygen's role in cellular respiration?

final electron acceptor (then accepts protons to make water)

Products of the ETC

Water and 34 ATP

total products of cellular respiration

6 water, 6 carbon dioxide, about 36 ATP

purpose of cellular respiration

generate atp

relationship between cellular respiration

the products of one are the reactants of the other

Factors that affect fermentation

temperature, pH, aeration, substrate concentration, nutrient availability

DNA

deoxyribose, long and double stranded

RNA

ribose, short and single stranded

DNA is...

semi conservative

Bases of DNA

A,T,G,C

Bases of RNA

A,U,G,C

Transcription:

cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA

Steps of Transcription

1) RNA polymerase binds to promoter region

2) DNA unwinds & unzips

3) complementary RNA nucleotides match exposed bases & are joined by RNA polymerase

4) mRNA separates from DNA

5) result- primary transcript

Steps of Translation

initiation, elongation, termination

Initiation

mRNA, first tRNA and ribosomal subunits assemble

Elongation

addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain; continues until it reaches a stop codon

Termination

Stop codon is reached

After translation...

Chaperone proteins help fold the polypeptide

DNA Replication:

the process by which the genome's DNA is copied in cells

How is the genetic code used?

to make proteins by dictating the sequence of amino acids in a protein

Steps of Mitosis

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell; sister chromatids attached to spindle fiber from opposing poles

Anaphase

chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell; spindle fibers start to elongate the cell

Telphase

chromosomes have arrived at opposite poles; nuclear envelope begins to form; mitotic spindle breaks down

Cytokinesis

Animal: Cleavage furrow forms

Plant: Cell plate starts to form

Interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions (G1, S, G2)

G1 phase mitosis

cell grows

S phase mitosis

DNA replication

G2 phase mitosis

final preparations for mitosis

Mitosis

2 diploid daughter cells, identical to parent, used for growth

Meiosis

4 haploid daughter cells, genetically different, produces gametes (sex cells)

Stages of Meiosis

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

Prophase I

Crossing over occurs

Metaphase I

Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes separate

Telophase I

Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed

Prophase II

The duplicated chromosomes and spindle fibers reappear in each new cell.

Metaphase II

Chromosomes line up in the middle

Anaphase II

sister chromatids separate

Telophase II

Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells formed

Law of Dominance

when 2 parents , each homozygous for different allele, only 1 form appears in the next generation

Law of Segregation

Alleles segregate randomly into gametes; Traits absent in F1 show up in F2 (monohybrid and dihybrid)

Law of Independent Assortment

alleles get sorted into gametes independent of each other (1 does not affect another); dihybrid- traits are independent of another (hair and eye)

homozygous dominant

2 copies of dominant allele (BB)

homozygous recessive

2 copies of recessive allele (bb)

heterozygous

1 copy of each allele (Bb)

phenotype

observable traits (eye color, blood type, etc)

genotype

describes genes and alleles possessed

diploid

2 complete sets of chromosomes

haploid

1 complete set of chromosomes