AP Human Geography Review

Flashcards for vocabulary review.

Density

Amount of people in an area

Physiological Density

Pressure on the environment, people/arable land; a high number can lead to desertification

Arithmetic Density

Individuals/land area; doesn’t show distribution

Agricultural Density

Degree of human reliance on the environment, farmers/arable land; more is higher mechanization

Demographic

Age, race, gender, etc.

CBR (Crude Birth Rate)

Births per 1000 people in a given year

CDR (Crude Death Rate)

Deaths per 1000 people in a given year

NIR (Natural Increase Rate)

(CBR-CDR=NIR)

TFR (Total Fertility Rate)

Average number of children a woman will have

IMR (Infant Mortality Rate)

Total number of deaths under one year per one year

DTM Stage 1

High CBR, high CDR, less access

DTM Stage 2

High CBR, lower CDR, advancements

DTM Stage 3

Higher life expectancy, CBR growing, CDR shrinking, more opportunities

DTM Stage 4

Low CBR, Low CDR, could be zero population growth, specialized medicine, counter urbanization

DTM Stage 5

Negative NIR

Malthusian Theory

Populations ability to produce food would stop and that the food would not be enough to sustain the population

Pro Natalist Policies

For population growth

Anti Natalist Policies

Lower growth

Ravenstein's Laws

Most migration happens for economic reasons, and short distances are made by young adult male population, and to urban areas.

Gravity Model

Flows are influenced between size and distance between two cities and a counter stream will be created; males are internationally, women internally.

Material Culture

Physical objects

Non-Material Culture

Not objects or physical things

Ethnocentric

Based on own cultural standards

Relativism

The opposite of ethnocentric; not judging a culture to our standards.

Sense of Place

Strong connection of feeling based off of a place and many characteristics physical and non can contribute to it.

Placelessness

The opposite of sense of place; there is no response to the individual.

Placemaking

When a group changes a place and comes together.

Centripetal Forces

Together

Centrifugal Forces

Apart

Relocation Diffusion

The movement of people and people leaving the place so the culture spreads.

Expansion Diffusion

Person-to-person contact, and more people; the hearth stays strong as opposed to relocation.

Contagious Diffusion

Without regard and goes everywhere to everyone.

Hierarchical Diffusion

Top-down, fashion trends in big cities going to smaller ones, or a person in power and goes to others.

Stimulus Diffusion

The fundamental concept of the trait stays, but it is slightly changed and adapted to adopt the culture of where it went but is mostly the same idea.

Lingua Franca

Official language that is used as a common language by people who even though speak a different native language.

Creolization

The combination of two cultures and the creation of a new culture that people now identify as.

Diaspora

Diffusion of people typically from hometown

Dialects

Local differences in the language

Isogloss

A region that is based on a language difference

Divergence

When people become separated from aspects.

Convergence

The grouping of some cultures to cause one large culture that everyone assumes.

Universalizing Religions

Seek to appeal to everyone, expansion diffusion.

Ethnic Religions

Stay in one region and aren’t interested in one region

Assimilation

Adopt norms of a dominant group of society and may lose original culture.

Acculturation

Certain traits are adopted and the culture is changed based on the new societies.

Syncretism

Two cultures evolve and change at the same time in a similar manner but remain distinct.

Multiculturalism

Many different cultures and traits can all live in one nation peacefully.

State

Geographic area with a permanent population, defined borders, and a sovereign government and recognized by other states

Nation

A group of people with shared beliefs and similar cultural identity

Nation-State

Compact, one ethnic group, like Japan, Iceland, or Korea

Multinational State

State with more than one nation within the borders, like Canada because of the two linguistic groups.

Multistate Nation

Nation spread across multiple states

Stateless Nations

Lack one of the state characteristics

Autonomous Regions

Lots of self-government from the state.

Semi-Autonomous Regions

Less self-government and the state steps in more occasionally

Colonialism

Acquiring territories to assert dominance

Imperialism

Settling somewhere to establish culture and spread population/diffusion.

Decolonization

Independence from a state's colonizer.

Devolution

The transfer of political power from central to regional government; could cause new governments.

Territoriality

The right to defend and occupy a certain area, owning a property. Usually exerted over less developed countries.

Neocolonialism

Using force, power, and control to control a government or land or assert dominance in a region.

Shatterbelts

Areas caught between places with conflict and creates instability in these regions and conflict

Choke Points

Geographic areas necessary to be passed for trade, and relied on for resources

Defined Boundary

Set and agreed on

Delimited Boundary

Drawn

Demarcated Boundary

Wall, sign, physical sign to show where

Geometric Boundary

Straight lines, and latitude/longitude

Antecedent Boundary

Not influenced by culture

Relic Boundary

No longer relevant, but remnants still cause impacts

Superimposed Boundary

Without considering ethnic groups and caused by foreign states

Subsequent Boundary

Developed with the development of cultural landscape

Consequent Boundary

Subsequent and created to separate various cultural groups

Frontier Boundary

No state has direct control over it

Definitional Boundary Dispute

Documents dispute over where the boundaries lies

Locational Boundary Dispute

Ownership and management of land dispute

Operational Boundary Dispute

When different ideas how to manage or how the land is used and operated dispute

Allocation Boundary Dispute

What is on or in boundary, such as national resources and who can use them dispute

UNCLOS Territorial Waters

12 nautical miles, and all mainland ships, state has all control over

UNCLOS Contiguous Zone

24 nautical miles, states have some power and ships are still regulated

UNCLOS Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

200 nautical miles, states have rights to national resources

Gerrymandering

Skewing redistricting towards one political party for advantage of your own

Cracking

Dividing up a like-minded population across several districts to prevent them from achieving a majority in any one district.

Packing

Concentrating like-minded voters into a single district, thereby giving the other party an advantage in surrounding districts.

Unitary State

Centralized among the national level, unitary, creates laws for the entire state and a strong sense of national identity, but the needs of minority groups can’t be addressed as easily, smaller, nation states.

Federal State

Power distributed between national and smaller levels, can respond to smaller groups needs, implements may take longer, devolution more likely

Ethnic Separatism

When people identify more as a cultural group than a nation

Irredentism

Movement to reunite with other members of a same group in other states

Supernational Organization

Organization between multiple countries to create more strength within them; they surrender some autonomy by joining it to better the country and world

Failed State

When the government is considered irrelevant and loses authority

Ethnonationalism

When a group of people want their own state

Subsistence Agriculture

Farming to produce to feed their family

Commercial Agriculture

To sell and make a livelihood/profit off of

Intensive Agriculture

Farmers use a lot of effort for as much yield as possible, larger inputs

Extensive Agriculture

Few inputs but lower outputs, larger land area

Neolithic Revolution

Hunting and gathering food was everyone’s job, a food surplus was created so that other jobs were possible and then could now buy food

Third Agricultural Revolution

Machines and airplanes and tractors, begins green revolution

Bid Rent Theory

Close or farther from market, so more expensive to be closer to market, but also dependent on crop

Von Thunen Model

Evolved from bid rent; CBD, dairy, forests, grains, ranching; grain will be further and less expensive because it won’t spoil, and dairy is closer.

Salinization

Too much salt runoff has happened and no growth

Food Deserts

No good healthy food access