Nutrition mid-term

What are the main functions of carbohydrates in the body?

Main source of energy, aids brain function and physical activity

What is the structure of carbohydrates?

Composed of simple sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides) or complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides).

How many calories do carbohydrates provide per gram?

4 kcal per gram

Name food sources of simple and complex carbohydrates.

Simple: Sugary foods. Complex; Whole grains, vegetables, legumes.

What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates?

Simple carbs are quickly digested; complex carbs provide sustained energy

Wha are insoluble and soluble fibers?

Insoluble fibers aid digestion and soluble fiber lowers cholesterol and glucose levels.

What are the main functions of proteins in the body?

Builds and repairs tissues, supports immune function, enzymes and hormones.

How many calories do proteins provide per gram?

4 kcal per gram.

What is the difference between complete and incomplete proteins?

Complete proteins contain all essential amino acids (animal-based); incomplete proteins lack some essential amino acids (plant-based).

What are main functions of fat in the body?

Energy storage, cell structure, insulation and hormone production.

How many calories do fats provide per gram?

9 kcal per gram

What are saturated, unsaturated and trans fats?

Saturated: solid at room temp (animal fats). Unsaturated: liquid at room temp (olive oil). Trans: harmful, found in processed foods.

What are the storage forms of macronutrients in the body?

Carbs: glycogen in muscles and liver; Protein: no major storage; Fat: stored in adipose tissue.

What are the recommended percentage of calories from carbohydrates, proteins and fats?

Carbs: 45-65%, Protein: 10-35%, Fat: 20-35%.

What are risk factors for diabetes?

Obesity. family history, inactivity and poor diet.

What are the nutrition therapy goals for diabetes?

Control blood glucose, maintain healthy weight and support heart health.

What tests are used to diagnose diabetes?

Fasting glucose test, HbA1c, oral glucose tolerance test.

What is the function of insulin?

Regulates blood glucose by allowing cells to absorb sugar

What are the risk factors for renal disease?

Diabetes, hypertension, infections and toxins.

What testes are used to diagnose renal disease?

Blood testes (creatinine, GFR) and urine testes.

What are the nutrition goals for dialysis and dialysis renal patients?

1. Non-Dialysis: Low protein, limit phosphorus, potassium, sodium.

2. Dialysis: Higher protein, control fluid intake, limit sodium, phosphorus.

What diets are recommended for renal disease?

• Non-Dialysis: Moderate protein, control potassium and phosphorus.

• Dialysis: High protein, sodium control, fluid management.

• Gout: Limit purines (red meat, seafood), avoid alcohol.

• Kidney Stones: Hydration, limit oxalates, sodium, and calcium (depending on stone type).

• UTI: Hydration, avoid irritating foods (spicy, acidic).

What are risk factors for heart disease?

High blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking and obesity.

What testes are used to diagnose heart disease?

Cholesterol test, ECG, and stress test.

What are the functions and sources of Omega-3 fatty acids?

Anti-inflammatory, support heart health; sources include fatty fish (salmon, mackerel), flaxseeds, walnuts.

How can sodium restriction affect food choices?

Avoid processed food, limit salt and use herb/spices instead.

What diet restriction are common for heart diesaes?

Sodium: fresh fruits/veggies, lena meats, Fluid: restrict beverages; Low fat” choose lean proteins avoid friend/processed food.

What does the DASH diet emphasize?

Focus on fruits, veggies, whole grains, lean protein and low-fat dairy.

What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?

Anabolism is building up (synthesis of complex molecules), while catabolism is breaking down (energy release).

What is a kilocalorie?

Unit of energy needed to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree celsius.

Define energy balance.

 Calories in vs. calories out; equilibrium maintains weight, imbalance leads to weight gain/loss.

What is REE?

(Resting Energy Expenditure): Energy expended at rest for basic bodily functions.

What is TEF?

Thermic Effect of Food; energy used for digestion, absorption, and metabolism of food.

What are the causes of weight loss vs. weight gain?

• Weight loss; diet, physical activity, metabolism and medical conditions.

• Weight gain: excess calories intake, low physical activity.

What are healthy weight-reeducation methods?

Balanced diet, regular physical activity, behavior change and portion control.

What is BMI and what is the normal range

Body Mass index, normal level is 18.5-24.9

What are the definitions of common eating disorders?

• Anorexia: extreme calorie restriction;

• Bulimia: binge eating followed by purging;

• Binge-Eating Disorder: uncontrolled eating without purging.

What are additional body measures that determine body composition?

Waist circumference and other body me