Semantic roles

synonymy

two or more words or phrases that have the same or nearly the same meanings

Ex: almost - nearly

big - large

wide - broad

Synonyms can often, though not always, be _____ for each other in sentences. There are many occasions when one word is appropriate in a sentence but its synonym would be odd

substituted

Synonyms can differ from each other in terms of ______ (semantic synonyms), _____ (stylistic synonyms), ________ (phraseological synonyms) or where they are often used (territorial synonyms)

denotation (nghĩa ám chỉ)

connotation (nghĩa bao hàm)

collocations

euphemisms

a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing: nói giảm, nói tránh

Ex: die - pass away, dead - late; corps - remain

antonymy

two words or phrases with opposite meanings

Ex: alive - dead; happy - sad, male - female

gradable antonyms

opposite along a scale -> VD bạn không nghèo, thì chưa chắc bạn đã giàu

can be used in a comparative constructions

Ex: big/small; happy/sad; fast/slow

complementary antonyms (binary antonyms)

the negative of one implies the other -> ko chia mức độ như gradable antonyms. In other words, the denial of one term is the assertion of the other term. (meaning: If you say "you are not single"; it means "you are married")

Ex: dead/alive; single/married; true/false

Conversive antonyms (relational antonyms)

denotes a kind of role reversal in a relationship. They are pairs in which each member depends upon the other. We can't say "you can't have one without the other"

Ex: buy-sell (khi có thứ gì được bán, tức là nó đã được mua bởi người khác); lend-borrow; husband-wife; employer-employee

Reversive antonyms (directional antonyms)

pairs in which each member expresses the reverse of the other. In this case, you CAN have one without the other.

Ex: rise-fall. If the temperature rises, this does not mean that something else falls.

backwards-forwards. If I am going backwards, this doesn't mean that you/anyone one else is going forward.

Hyponymy

Quan hệ thượng hạ vị

The relationship between two or more words where the meaning of one form includes the meaning of another

Ex: vehicle: car, bus, bike

dog, animal -> the meaning of "dog" includes the meaning of "animal" -> dog is a kind of animal

Hypernym

- A category into which other words fit (cái bao trùm)

- the superordinate term

Ex: fruits: mango, avocado

Hyponym

a more specific word within a category or under a hypernym

cái bị bao trùm

Ex: vegetable, flower, tree -> co-hyponyms of plant

Homonymy

two words sounding the same but having different meanings

(đồng âm)

Ex: Rose (flower) / Rose (past tense of rise)

Bark (dog sound) / Bark (tree covering)

full/perfect homonyms

two words that have the same spelling and the same pronunciation but different meanings (giống đánh vần + phát âm)

Ex: bat (flying creature)-bat (used in sports)

bank (of the river) - bank (financial institution)

Homophones

words that have same pronunciation but have different meanings

Ex: sea-see; allowed-aloud; pair-pear

Homographs

words that have the same spelling but have different pronunciation

Ex: wind (n) -wind (v)

bow (v) - bow (n)

Polysemy

words have multiple meanings that are related to one another

đa nghĩa

Ex: bug: insects; enthusiast

mouth: a body part of human; a body part of animals; the part of a river which empties into the sea

light: of colors; not serious; not heavy (nhẹ/nhạt (màu))

Homonymy v.s Polysemy

Homonomy: represents different entries in a dictionary

Polysemy: different meanings are listed under one entry (tại cái nghĩa liên quan tới nhau)